FRANKFORT, Ky. - The state of Kentucky has laws requiring immunizations for students in child care and school, but that doesn't mean there's full participation. Most recent data shows the immunization rate dropped in 2012.

Kentucky's deputy commissioner for public health, Dr. Kraig Humbaugh, calls reducing outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases "one of the greatest success stories of the 20th century." In his view, as the world gets smaller, the reasons for vaccinating kids get bigger.

"We live in a global economy where there are links, every day, to other parts of the world,” Humbaugh said. “And there are parts of the world that still have these childhood diseases circulating on a regular basis."

For example, according to Humbaugh, there's been a resurgence of measles in the United States. This year, there have already been more than 150 confirmed cases of potentially deadly whooping cough in Kentucky.

In 2011, Kentucky was recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for having a child vaccination rate above 80 percent, well ahead of the national average of 73 percent. Dr. Molly Houser, a fetal medicine specialist with Kosair Children's Hospital, calls it "really concerning" that Kentucky's rate then dropped to just over 68 percent in 2012.

"The reason we have these vaccinations and sort of gotten this attitude of 'we really don't need these' is because the vaccinations are so effective that we really haven't seen these diseases in a long time,” Houser said.

Some parents don't immunize children for religious reasons; others because they are worried about potential health problems associated with some vaccines, although those risks are reported to be extremely small.

Dr. Humbaugh says vaccination rates tend to fluctuate in the CDC's National Immunization Surveys but the state policy is to make childhood immunization a priority. In addition to work done by local health departments, the Vaccine for Children Program provides free shots to low-income kids. Humbaugh also thinks the state's health exchange will improve participation.

"We're hoping that with greater numbers of folks who are insured in Kentucky that our coverage rates will start to go up again and be much higher than the national average,” she said. “That's where we'd like to see them."



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After more than 50 years of use, some Michigan lawmakers say naloxone may not be the best choice in an overdose situation.

Naloxone is sometimes called the "Lazarus drug" because of its powerful ability to seemingly resurrect people after a drug overdose.

Sen. Kevin Hertel, D-St. Clair Shores, and some of his colleagues have introduced a bill which would open the door for what they say are more costly, but more powerful, antidotes.

"Given the prevalence of fentanyl in our communities, and how much stronger some of these drugs that we're now seeing are, we believe -- and in talking with others -- that there should be other tools to respond to an overdose," Hertel explained. "To make sure we're doing everything we can to save somebody's life."

Not everyone is on board with the proposed legislation, Senate Bill 542. Opponents argued the more expensive naloxone alternatives are not necessary, and using them would only increase profits for the pharmaceutical industry.

Jonathan Stoltman, director of the Opioid Policy Institute in Grand Rapids, said while the naloxone alternatives do help in overdose situations, they can also cause nasty side effects.

"The newer approaches, they put people into more severe withdrawal," Stoltman pointed out. "That's a pretty profound negative side effect. The one approach is very inexpensive and works great; the other approach is far more expensive and has this strong negative side effect."

Sponsors of the bill say they're hoping to give Michigan residents a chance to chime in on the issue in a public hearing sometime in June. Michigan saw more than 3,000 opioid overdose deaths in 2021.


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New Mexico saw record enrollment numbers for the Affordable Care Act this year and is now setting its sights on lowering out-of-pocket costs - those not reimbursed by insurance. More than 56,000 New Mexicans are enrolled in a medical health insurance plan on the state exchange - an increase of 12,000 people overall.

Colin Baillio, deputy superintendent with the state's Office of Insurance, said the state has boosted its outreach and made efforts to improve the overall consumer experience.

"We saw a 40% year-over-year increase, and New Mexico saw the biggest percentage increase during the open-enrollment period among all of the state-based marketplaces," he explained

Part of the enrollment increase is due to what's called the "unwinding" - a federal directive that required all states to redetermine Medicaid eligibility following a three-year pause on checks during the COVID pandemic. He said by using expanded tools made available by the federal and state government, 8% of New Mexico's population is now uninsured - down from 23% in 2010.

Following approval by lawmakers in the 2024 legislative session, the New Mexico governor signed seven health care-related bills into law - one of which requires annual reporting of prescription drug pricing. Baililo said the Affordable Care Act built the foundation that has allowed the state to pursue additional affordability initiatives.

"I'm really glad to see that there's so much interest in the next step of health reform, really leaning into these out-of-pocket cost issues and making it easier for people to afford to stay covered and see their doctors," he continued.

Two years ago, the state also passed a one-of-a-kind law that did away with behavioral health co-pays for people in certain insurance plans.

New York's medical aid-in-dying bill is gaining further support. The Medical Society of the State of New York is supporting the bill. New York's bill allows terminally ill people with only six months to live to use this option, with safeguards requiring two physicians' approval.

The bill's Assembly sponsor Amy Paulin, D-Westchester, said despite the growing support, other hurdles lie ahead.

"Now we have what I believe, if it came to the floor, a majority. There's still a hesitation on the part of leadership. You know, we need members to assure leadership that they no longer have reservations," she said.

Other newly resolved concerns center on making sure insurance companies and doctors who don't support this aren't held liable. She's optimistic the bill will pass after nine years in the Legislature. New York would be the 11th state along with Washington, D.C. to have medical aid in dying legislation.

Corinne Carey, senior New York campaign director with Compassion and Choices finds the pandemic drew a vivid picture of a person's end-of-life experience. There were images of people dying on ventilators, apart from loved ones, and unable to communicate. She said people began thinking about a "good death."

"And, what is a good death is being surrounded by loved ones, having some measure of control, experiencing the touch of your loved ones, and being the one in the driver's seat," she explained.

Now people have different options for end-of-life care, each of which presents various challenges. Polls show medical aid in dying has garnered considerable support since being introduced in 2015. A 2022 Compassion and Choices poll finds 57% of nurses support medical aid in dying professionally, although fewer support it personally.