With Pennsylvania a crucial state in this year's presidential election, political scholars gathered in Philadelphia last night to share their insights into the fragility of democracy and the increasing authoritarian challenges.

Harvard University Government Professor Daniel Ziblatt said he believes rising polarization is causing people to view political opponents as enemies, and is fueled by economic stagnation and inequality.

He added that there are other factors behind the emerging global threats to democracy.

"For example, social media, the new rise of new technologies," said Ziblatt, "makes it harder and harder for people to kind of figure out what's true, what isn't true, the rise of misinformation."

Ziblatt said immigration-driven diversity is another factor, and has significantly reshaped Western Europe and the United States.

He said it has sparked a backlash, creating an environment that demagogues can exploit to undermine democracy. Conservative critics of immigration say they fear the impact on the nation's culture and fear vote fraud.

Harvard University Government Professor Steven Levitsky highlighted the ongoing threat to global democracy posed by historical patterns - like extreme polarization and authoritarianism.

While 20th-century authoritarian takeovers often involved military coups, he said today's democratic backsliding is more insidious, relying on tactics like undermining democratic institutions and electoral manipulation.

"Today in the 21st century, is for democracy to die a much slower, more gradual death, often at the hands of elected leaders themselves," said Levitsky. "Elected presidents and elected Prime Ministers who use the very institutions of democracy to subvert it. This is Hugo Chavez in Venezuela. It's Viktor Orban in Hungary, Erdogan in Turkey."

Ziblatt and Levitsky said these threats have risen during former President Donald Trump's political ascent. Both have written books on democratic decay in the U.S. and have proposed various solutions.

A series of events on the topic will take place in battleground states. The group democracyFIRST is highlighting the questions.

In these divisive times, nonprofit groups are stepping up to boost civic engagement by facilitating intergenerational dialogue.

The Creating Citizens initiative from Commonwealth Club World Affairs of California brings older adults and young people together to discuss important civic issues.

In January, the forum topic was people's thoughts about the 2024 election. The next forum, in September, will address climate change.

Nesreen Ezzeddine, education program manager with Commonwealth Club World Affairs, helps facilitate the events.

"The political climate is uncertain and so, meaningful dialogue is more crucial than ever," said Ezzeddine, "kind of bringing this idea of the idealism of youth and also the experiences of older generations."

She said the club plans to sponsor three intergenerational dialogue events next fall and spring.

The idea for the dialogues started with college students, who said they didn't plan to vote because they were disappointed that the two major candidates - Presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden - were 78 and 81 years old.

Commonwealth Club Vice President of Education Lauren Silver said at the same time, older adults are concerned about this feeling of disconnection among young people.

"Without an intergenerational divide being addressed, we're still all talking in our generational echo chambers," said Silver, "and we're not going to be able to cure or heal the political system or the divisiveness in our society."

Heather Smith is the manager of partnerships for the San Francisco nonprofit YouthTruth, which facilitates dialogue between students and educators.

"When students feel brought into these conversations, when they see their opinions and ideas turn into actions, we see them as engaged students," said Smith, "and engaged citizens as they get older."

A recent YouthTruth survey reveals many students don't think schools prepare them to be civically engaged.

It found 68% agree that helping others is important, but only 44% feel like they can make a difference.

High school seniors will soon be counting down the days until graduation and in Minnesota. But students from future graduating classes could get a special credential if they make an extra effort to improve their civics knowledge and skills.

A legislative committee takes up a bill Monday to create a "Civic Seal" program, as nearly a dozen other states have done. Minnesota has already bolstered its civics education requirements but the bill's supporters said it goes further by adding the seal to diplomas of students who show real interest in civic engagement.

Esha Vibhakar, a junior and student advocate at Wayzata High School, said it is a hard thing to do in a hostile political environment.

"We have a big fear of being wrong, or people having different opinions from us," Vibhakar explained. "My peers and people my age tend to shy away from the conversations that are hard."

Backers stressed it would not be a mandate for schools but noted by offering the Civic Seal, students can gain confidence in learning about how democracy works. They could earn the seal through extra projects, like attending city council meetings or volunteering for a nonprofit. The bill has bipartisan support.

Sen. Steve Cwodzinski, DFL-Eden Prairie, one of the measure's sponsors, is a retired civics teacher. In today's world, with so much misinformation on social media, he feels it is important to push civics knowledge higher on the priority list. He cited research showing for every $50 the nation spends on STEM curriculum, five cents is spent per student for civics learning.

"I'm not trying to dismiss the hard work that STEM advocates have done the last 15 or 20 years, but I'm just trying to do my best to reverse those numbers," Cwodzinski emphasized. "I just want kids to be more civil and know how to conduct a public discourse."

A coalition raising awareness about the movement said the Civic Seal would also send a message to colleges and employers that a student has a lot more to offer than just academic success. It cited other research showing robust civic education correlates with higher voting rates and increased community involvement.


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Nevada voting rights advocates are rallying support for a bill to expand language access for voters during elections.

According to Census data, one in three Nevadans speaks a language other than English at home.

Assembly Bill 367 would address the need for language accessibility by protecting and expanding the translation and interpretation tools established by Nevada's Secretary of State - including a hotline for voting-related questions.

It would also require that all official communication from the Secretary of State be issued in both English and Spanish.

Chanel Cassanello-Moran is a campaign manager with All Voting is Local Action Nevada, and called the measure good for democracy.

"Our elected officials have an opportunity to empower eligible voters, regardless of what their primary language is, and strengthen our electoral process," said Cassanello-Moran. "We will continue to advocate for a fair system in which all voters can weigh in on the issues they care about and cast their ballot without the burden of language restrictions."

The bill would also allow voters with disabilities to use mobile devices for interpretive services, including American Sign Language Assistance.

Cassanello-Moran contended it's imperative that voting information and resources be available in multiple languages to increase civic engagement.

The bill was heard by the Assembly Committee on Legislative Operations and Elections last week.

Emily Persaud-Zamora, executive director of Silver State Voices, said she and her team work year-round on democracy-related issues, and receive frequent questions about language accessibility.

She explained that there is a real need from voters in the Silver State.

"They want to be able to participate in the democratic process and feel comfortable," said Persaud-Zamora, "feel secure about being able to cast their ballot in a language that they maybe feel more comfortable using, reading or speaking in."

Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act requires states that meet certain population requirements to provide language assistance to limited English speakers in election materials and ballots.

Some states and jurisdictions go beyond those federal requirements and accommodate more languages, depending on local needs.

Support for this reporting was provided by the Carnegie Corporation of New York.




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