FRANKFORT, Ky. - Keeping kids out of the court system altogether is at the heart of broad recommendations coming Thursday from Kentucky's Juvenile Code Task Force. The effort to reform the state's juvenile justice system is honing in on improving early intervention.

Front-end services are "essential to everything," said Lisa Jones, chief district judge in Daviess County. Not only would that reduce the number of juveniles being incarcerated or committed to the state, she said, but it's also good for the youth.

"That's often times what the family is wanting when they reach out for help to the courts or to the schools or to law enforcement," she said. "They're wanting services, they're wanting something to make it better."

Jones said "a good assessment" is most crucial.

Rep. John Tilley, D-Hopkinsville, a former prosecutor, agreed, adding that Kentucky is detaining "far too many low-level juvenile offenders" which is often "the worst possible outcome" for both the child and the taxpayers.

"Without proper identification of the problem, we continue to herd certain juveniles into certain categories and they end up in juvenile prison," he said. "That costs taxpayers between $87,000 and $91,000 per year."

That's the cost of locking up one child for a year.

Tilley, who chairs the state House Judiciary Committee, said the task force recommendations will be used to create some "specific" efforts at reform during the upcoming legislative session.

Among the ideas the Juvenile Code Task Force has considered are standardizing protocols with schools before seeking court involvement, clarifying the role of school resource officers, and enhancing diversion options. For instance, Jones said that Owensboro uses two emergency shelters.

"When you get that midnight phone call about a juvenile who's done something, you can look at placing them in an emergency shelter instead of incarcerating them," she said.

During their two years of work, task force members heard mounds of research which show that court intervention, secure detention and out-of-home placement can all do more damage than good when trying to get a youth back on track.

In Kentucky, Tilley said, studies show that probation violators and misdemeanor offenders are locked up, on average, only a month less than youth who commit felonies.

"We're putting very low-level offenders in with the most dangerous juvenile offenders, " he said, "and that creates more dangerous juvenile offenders. That's a bad thing."

To make reform work, Jones said, it's essential to educate people so they realize that locking up kids is "harmful."


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There are more than a dozen state and federal prisons in Central Appalachia, with some located in remote areas of West Virginia.

Connie Banta, board member of the Appalachian Prison Book Project, said the rural facilities face challenges in providing educational opportunities to incarcerated people. Her organization has donated more than 75,000 books to prison libraries in the region over the past two decades.

"Reading is one of the ways that people keep themselves healthy, both physically and mentally," Banta explained. "We feel like it's a basic human right that people have access to information and literature."

According to a report from the group PEN America, prison libraries are less funded than public school and community libraries and lack the resources needed to purchase books. Those available tend to be mostly westerns and romance novels.

The number of people held behind bars in West Virginia has jumped by more than 400% since 1970, according to the Vera Institute of Justice.

Banta emphasized reading can help people move forward in their own personal journey as they reenter society.

"We get many letters from people talking about how much it means to them that people who could be doing all kinds of other things take the time to mail them books," Banta reported.

"This Book Is Free and Yours to Keep: Notes from the Appalachian Prison Book Project" was recently selected by the Appalachian Studies Association for the 2024 Weatherford Award in Nonfiction.


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A Minnesota proposal is in the works that supporters say would end forced labor in correctional facilities.

They note the 13th Amendment was adopted nearly 160 years ago, but believe a form of slavery is still present in America's prisons. Advocacy groups point to wording in the Minnesota Constitution that there should be no slavery in the state, with exceptions for punishment for a crime. They say incarcerated people are exploited by having to work for 50 cents an hour, providing them little money to pay victims back, support their families or have resources to rebuild their lives post-release.

Aaron Ernst, who served time in Minnesota, said this overshadows other reforms.

"The rehabilitation part is kind of there," he said, "and then the reconnection to the community is just nonexistent."

While incarcerated, Ernst said he was outsourced for municipal work but would have had a hard time landing that same job after his release. The End Slavery in Minnesota Coalition is working with lawmakers on a bill for next year's session to classify these individuals as legal workers with specific rights. There are similar efforts elsewhere, but advocates say Colorado's reforms haven't ended the practice there.

By not providing a minimum wage, said David Boehnke, the coalition's lead organizer, they estimate the current pay structure in prisons steals $100 million each year from the poorest Minnesotans.

"If we want a safety system and not a slavery system, this is how we get it - we give people basic rights and basic wages," he said. "That lifts up their whole communities, and that allows people to repair harm they've caused in a meaningful way."

Groups pushing for change add that the longstanding effects of slavery are still found in incarceration numbers. Nearly 40% of people held in Minnesota prisons are Black - despite representing less than 8% of the state's overall population.

In a statement, the Department of Corrections said it's committed to providing work experiences for incarcerated individuals that improve fundamental skills and can lead into opportunities for more technical training. It said that can help create a successful re-entry.


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With demand for assistance dogs on the rise, people in two West Virginia prisons are getting involved in their training.

At Saint Marys Correctional Center and Lakin Correctional Center in West Columbia, incarcerated men and women can participate in the paws4prisons® program, learning how to train assistance dogs. They begin by teaching basic and advanced commands to rescue dogs, then graduate to training assistance dogs which learn around 100 commands.

Amanda Rubenstein, associate superintendent of programs for the West Virginia Division of Corrections and Rehabilitation, said the dogs have an effect on everyone around.

"Even the facilities in general, the other inmates that aren't in the program have so much respect for it," Rubenstein observed. "We have inmates that haven't petted dogs in years that come here, you know, 'Oh my gosh, there's dogs in prison.' They may not want to be a part of the program, but they love interacting. They love the mission."

She noted the dogs go everywhere in the facility with their handlers and sleep in kennels next to their beds.

Recent research shows veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder have seen their symptoms reduced, reporting lower rates of depression and anxiety after three months with a service dog. Incarcerated people often suffer from PTSD and Complex PTSD. Research also suggests prison-based dog training programs help people involved feel hope and develop a number of life skills.

"It teaches them responsibility, how to be better mothers, fathers, better family members, better citizens overall," Rubenstein outlined. "I think that responsibility aspect, and then, just the feeling of normalcy again for them."

paws4prisons® is an offshoot of paws4people®. They train Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and a mix of the two breeds known as Goldadors. Dogs begin training at around 5 months old. Trainers have weekly meetings by phone and video conference with paws4people® staff. Incarcerated people must apply to join the program, and given the amount of training involved, Rubenstein stressed they seek candidates who have enough time.

"We also look at inmates that are going to be incarcerated a little longer, because the academics last anywhere from six to nine months," Rubenstein explained. "We want to make sure they have time to complete that and then use those skills that they learned in academics. I prefer someone that has at least 18 months before they see the parole board or discharge."

She added assistance dog training takes between a year and 18 months.


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