PORTLAND, Ore. – The scene starts with the ground shaking violently. By the end, there's mass pandemonium. Disaster movies frequently depict earthquakes and the devastation a big one could bring.

But do they contribute to an irrational fear?

A poll of 1,100 people from the website Sperling's Best Places reveals that more than one in five Americans fear earthquakes more than any other natural disaster.

However, other disasters are more deadly. Since 1990, more than 3,300 Americans have died in hurricanes; in that same period, 71 have died in earthquakes.

Bertrand Sperling, an author, researcher and the chief operating officer of Sperling's Best Places, breaks down why earthquakes might seem scarier.

"They're just more scary on a very elemental, psychological level," he said. "You've got the earth moving, literally beneath your feet. I mean, there's our terra firma, the thing that we walk around on. What happens if we get sucked into the earth, or buildings fall? It's kind of the most violent."

In the Pacific Northwest, there are fears that a Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake could devastate the region. Sperling observed that the media has contributed to the fear that the region is due for a big one, even though there is no certainty when it will happen.

Oregon's Department of Geology and Mineral Industries recently modeled a magnitude 9 quake in the Portland metro area and found it would be devastated, although some of that could be avoided with infrastructure upgrades.

Earthquakes are catastrophic in other parts of the world. Over the past decade, nearly 800,000 people have died from these disasters globally.

Sperling pointed out that the United States' infrastructure has saved many lives, plus the fact that earthquakes are infrequent in this country.

"Earthquakes are a terrifying occurrence," he explained. "Because we don't have the data points, they're almost a mythological thing. So, it's something that you're afraid of, but that doesn't really affect you on a daily basis, or even every 25 years or so."

Oregon continues to study the potential of a Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake and how to protect homes and buildings from such a disaster.

Since 1990, drought, winter storms, flooding, wildfires, and seven major storms such as tornadoes have been more deadly and cost more in damage than earthquakes.




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As West Virginia opens its door to the plastics recycling or "advanced recycling" industry, a recent report found only a fraction of plastics are recycled and plastics labeled as biodegradable in reality can take years to degrade.

One study found biodegradable plastic bags were still fully intact after three years of being buried in the soil. There are currently no federal standards regulating bioplastics, or products claiming to be biodegradable or compostable.

Judith Enck, president of the group Beyond Plastics, said the plastic recycling plants being built in Appalachia increase exposure to microplastics and pose health risks for neighboring communities.

"Chemical recycling just takes plastics heated at a really high temperature to make small amounts of fossil fuels, or uses vast amount of toxic chemicals to try to break down old plastic and make it new plastic," Enck explained. "(It is) the last thing we need."

Plastic production is forecast to increase by 70% over the next 20 years, with roughly half designed for single-use products, according to the report.

Enck argued without significant reduction in plastic packaging, consumers will continue to ingest chemicals like PFAS, lead, mercury, vinyl chloride and other chemicals found in food and beverage packing.

"We're particularly concerned by a chemical called polylactic acid, PLA," Enck noted. "That is typically made from corn or sugar crops, and they also contain toxic chemicals."

Microplastics and nanoplastics are produced when plastic products break down into tiny fragments, which end up in soil and waterways.

Enck pointed out plastic particles have been found in honey, beer, salt, tea bags, fruit, vegetables, seafood and meat. Microplastics have been found in human blood, organs, brains, breast milk and in newborn babies. Research has linked microplastics exposure to heart attacks, stroke, and diseases related to hormone disruption.

Two new studies find that without sustained intervention, California may permanently lose big sections of old-growth giant sequoia groves.

The majestic trees only grow on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. Since 2015, 20% of them have died, mostly in three megafires in 2020 and 2021.

David Soderberg, Ph.D, a biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey and a study co-author, said the blazes incinerated many of the older, seed-bearing trees.

"You're getting much larger patches of fires burning at what's called high severity. So, you have this kind of bad combination for the sequoias where many more of the mature trees are dying, and there are many fewer of the seedlings regenerating," he explained.

The studies show there are substantially fewer seedlings than in the past, and those that germinate are imperiled by drought and heat stress linked to climate change. The Giant Sequoia Lands Coalition partners have planted more than 500,000 native seedlings in severely burned areas where reproduction has been insufficient.

Paul Ringgold, chief program officer with the Save the Redwoods League, said the idea is to give forest regeneration a head start.

"When you're planting seedlings, you're planting trees that have been grown in the nursery for two years or more. They're more robust than a seedling that is sprouting from a seed, giving it a little bit of an edge against the impact of drier, hotter summers," he said.

Old-growth sequoia are the world's largest trees and depend on fire to reproduce. But Ringgold noted that past fire-suppression efforts have led to a buildup of excessive fuel loads in the forests. So, extensive projects are underway to clear out dead vegetation and make the groves more resilient to fire.

Nearly 10,000 Montanans have petitioned the U.S. Forest Service to prevent mining activity in the iconic Smith River watershed.

The Smith is known for its majestic views and numerous wildlife species but it is also a huge draw for outdoor enthusiasts seeking to "disconnect." The Smith River Public Lands Coalition has called on the Forest Service to withdraw mineral leases granted to a company planning a $4 billion copper mine on private land near Sheep Creek, which feeds the Smith more than half of its water.

Josh Seckinger, a Bozeman-based Smith River guide, estimated he has floated the 5-day, 59-mile-long Smith 100 times. He thinks the copper sulfide mine drainage would be devastating.

"It just decimates anything with gills downstream," Seckinger pointed out. "That's fish, that's amphibians, that's aquatic bug life. It's a terrible way to sterilize a river."

Mine developer Black Butte Copper said it is committed to preserving Montana's water while creating economic development opportunities in the state, and claims it can build the mine in an environmentally friendly way.

Seckinger noted beyond the environmental and wildlife damage the mine drainage could cause, it also threatens the local landscape and the recreational economy built around the Smith River. He argued it is not just a hit to the businesses but to Montanans who want to experience the trip. It requires winning a permit in a state lottery.

"It is my hope that every resident of this state puts in for a lottery permit and wins, so they get the chance to experience this place," Seckinger emphasized. "Because once you experience this place, you understand immediately why it needs to be protected."

Black Butte Copper has bought nearly 700 claims on the public lands surrounding the one near Sheep Creek, potentially allowing the company to further expand its mining operations.


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