By Jon Marcus for The Hechinger Report
Broadcast version by Eric Tegethoff for Public News Service
Reporting for The Hechinger Report-Oregon News Service

HENDERSON, Nev. -- The menu at the diner where Amy Nelson likes to take a break from work is notable for its side dishes, including caramelized bananas, cinnamon apples and mushrooms and onions.

Each can feed an appetite in its own right. And together with an entrée, they add up to breakfast.

That's much like the radically new way Nelson and a small number of other pioneering students have been experiencing college.

First they get a credential in a skill they need, then another and another. Each of these can quickly pay off on its own by helping to get a job, raise or promotion. And they can add up over time to a bachelor's degree.

"Even if I chose not to finish, I would still have these pieces and I'd say, 'Look what I've done,' as opposed to, 'I have two years of college'" but nothing to show for it, said Nelson, who works as an information technology consultant and hopes to move into an administrative role.

"I don't think it really dropped on me until I sat down to update my resume," she said. That's when Nelson realized that each of those certifications had already increased her value on the job market, she said.

Now the toll being taken on the economy by the coronavirus pandemic is giving microcredentials a huge burst of momentum. A lot of people will need more education to get back into the workforce, and they'll need to get it quickly, at the lowest possible cost and in subjects directly relevant to available jobs.

The number of people in the same stackable information technology bachelor's program as Nelson, offered by Western Governors University, has more than doubled since the start of the pandemic, from 4,410 in March to 10,711 in May, the online nonprofit says. The number taking microcredential programs from edX, the online course provider created by MIT and Harvard and the other major provider of this educational model, rose to 65,000 by the end of April, increasing 14-fold since early March alone.

"People are looking for shorter forms of learning during this time. They don't know whether they have two months, three months. They've lost their jobs," said Anant Agarwal, CEO of edX, the online course provider created by MIT and Harvard, which had the fortuitous timing of launching a new stackable bachelor's degree in computer science in January and three more in May - in writing, marketing and data science - and trademarked the term "MicroBachelors" to describe them.

"For them the ability to earn a microcredential within a few months and improve their potential to get hired as we come out of Covid becomes much more important," Agarwal said.

The concept, known variously as "stackable credentials" and "microcredentials," she said, "almost seemed too good to be true."

That's one of the reasons it's been painfully slow to take off: Consumers have trouble understanding it. Even after she began the program, Nelson didn't entirely get it. Then she started earning high-demand industry certifications, in rapid fire, in subjects such as technical support, cloud technology and data analysis on her way to her bachelor's degree in data management.

Surveys bear this out. A third of people who have lost their jobs in the pandemic, or worry that they will, say they will need more education to get new ones, the nonprofit Strada Education Network found.

They don't have time to waste. Among lower-income adults, who have already been disproportionately affected, one in four say they have only enough savings to cover their expenses for three months if they're laid off or get sick, the Pew Research Center reports.

"They don't have two to three years of runway to put a pause on their life," said Scott Pulsipher, president of nonprofit, online Western Governors University, or WGU, which has rolled out microcredential programs in states including Nevada that supply certificates and certifications on the way to degrees in information technology and health care."

"The affordability question is factoring in, too," said Pulsipher; the cost per credit of WGU's IT microcredential program comes to about $150 per credit and edX charges $166 per credit for its MicroBachelors degrees, compared to the average $594 it costs to earn a credit at a conventional in-person university.

"No one planned for or designed for a pandemic but it starts to heighten the differentiated value that comes from things like microcredentials," Pulsipher said.

Agarwal reports edX signed up as many learners in April as it did in all of last years - it now has 30 million - and a survey of new students found that 11 percent were already unemployed or furloughed and trying to learn skills that would help them get new jobs; edX has announced that it will offer a 30 percent discount on MicroBachelors programs to students who have lost their jobs because of the pandemic.

Even before the coronavirus hit, several providers were making a push for microcredentials. WGU and edX teamed up to create the program in which Nelson is enrolled. BYU Pathway Worldwide, an online spinoff of Brigham Young University-Idaho, has created stackable bachelor's degrees in all of the subjects it offers. It calls them "Certificate First."

That's because students in these programs, and the others like it, first get certificates or certifications - short-term or industry-recognized qualifications - on their way to earning associate or bachelor's degrees toward which the credits also count.

It's an approach whose advocates say can help not only people who need credentials quickly to reenter the workforce, but solve a lot of problems that have been dragging down the success rates of college students seeking bachelor's degrees.

"If you were designing [college] from scratch," said BYU-Pathway Worldwide President Clark Gilbert, "this is how you'd do it."

More than a quarter of students in conventional college programs quit after their first year, when a degree still seems intimidatingly far off. For many, it is; more than 40 percent of bachelor's degree candidates still won't be finished after even six years, according to the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center, which tracks this.

"And you wonder why we're losing those populations in droves," said Gilbert.

Earning credentials on the way provides a series of rewards that may make students more likely to persist. Even if they don't, they'll have something to fall back on that can help them get, or advance in, a job. Under the existing system, the Clearinghouse reports, 36 million have dropped out with no degrees or certificates to show for their time in college - but often student loan debt to repay.

Agarwal likens getting a bachelor's degree in this new way to climbing Mount Everest by first hiking to the base camp at about 17,000 feet and getting acclimated to the altitude before attempting to achieve the summit.

Earning that first certificate, Agarwal said, is like reaching the base camp; stacking them into a bachelor's degree, like getting to the top.

Early returns suggest receiving those rewards along the way is helping the so far limited number of people who have already tried microcredential programs - at edX, for example, they comprise about a tenth of all enrollment -climb more quickly.

Nearly 70 percent of students racking up industry certifications on their way through the edX/Western Governors stackable IT programs finish their bachelor's degrees not in four or six years, but in two, the university says. That's in part because they also get 27 credits, on average, for earlier education or life experience, another new way of speeding students through their higher educations that is available from a growing number of colleges and universities.

At BYU-Pathway Worldwide, officials there report, the proportion of students who drop out between their first and second year has fallen more than 20 percentage points, from 35 percent to 14 percent, since the start of the Certificate First program.

"That early milestone - the early win - is so motivating," Gilbert said. "Now they understand how education works. And if we lose someone, instead of being a dropout, they'll have a certificate. Is it as good as having a bachelor's degree? No, it's not. But is it better than being a dropout? Yes, it is."

That's what student Brian Salazar experienced. "It's very encouraging every time you pass one of the certification tests," said Salazar, who has already earned certifications in Amazon AWS system operations administration, IT service management, Linux and several other industry cloud and network subjects.

An IT tech in Carson City, Nevada, Salazar had already gone to community college, but "I didn't really have many job offers after getting my associate degree." Once he started earning all of those certifications, "I started getting lots of offers," even without the bachelor's degree he expects to finish this year.

Certifications and certificates can also show prospective employers precisely which practical skills students have learned, which is increasingly important at a time when only 11 percent of business leaders in a Gallup poll strongly agreed that college graduates had the skills their businesses require. Two-thirds of Americans in a Pew Research Center survey said that students aren't getting the skills they need for the workplace. Students don't feel ready either: Only 41 percent say they consider themselves very or extremely prepared for their careers, a McGraw-Hill survey found.

"When you graduate with a certificate and a bachelor's degree or several certificates and a bachelor's degree, that has the ability to show employers that you have a breadth of knowledge," said Karen Elzey, associate executive director of Workcred, which is teaming up with universities to add certificates and certifications to bachelor's degrees.

While both can be included in a stackable bachelor's degree, certificates and certifications are different. A certificate is awarded by an educational institution upon completion of a course of study; a certification is given by an industry association or a union to someone who has passed a test to certify that he or she has the skills to do a certain job.

It's no coincidence that the institutions furthest along with stackable credentials are nonconventional ones. Some traditional universities say they want to add them, too, but longstanding practices are hard to alter.

"Education hasn't changed in hundreds of years, and whenever someone comes and says, 'Hey, look, this is something cool,' they don't understand it, or they look with suspicion on it," said Agarwal.

Some other universities are trying to embrace this change. Many have programs that already help students earn industry certifications in fields including accounting and manufacturing. The University System of Georgia in January launched what it calls a "nexus degree" - certifications that add up to associate degrees that can then add up to bachelor's degrees. The financial and enrollment challenges they now face also are pushing colleges and universities to seek new sources of revenue.

Conventional institutions that are working to come up with stackable credentials, however, have been slowed down by accreditation requirements, occasional faculty resistance, the need for certification bodies and academic departments to collaborate and the difficulty of explaining to consumers how the process works.

"In reality it's proving a little more complicated than we anticipated," said Shari Garmise, a senior vice president of the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities and executive director of the Coalition of Urban Serving Universities. "But people are starting to get it."

There's growing pressure on all colleges and universities to speed up the process of embedding certifications and certificates into bachelor's degrees. That's because, even before the coronavirus created new problems for them, traditional higher education institutions already appeared to be losing business to those quicker, cheaper credentials.

Nearly one in 10 undergraduates today is working solely toward a certificate, and more are pursuing certificates or associate degrees than are studying toward bachelor's degrees, the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce reports. This is cutting into a market for bachelor's degrees that's already suffering from a decline in the number of 18- to 24-year-olds.

And while consumers might not fully understand stackable credentials, many are increasingly recognizing that in some fields they can provide an increase in income with a smaller investment than a bachelor's degree.

For instance, workers with certificates in construction and other blue-collar trades often make more than liberal arts and humanities majors with bachelor's degrees, the Georgetown Center found.

"Students are organically understanding that this open-loop system, which can include certificates or certifications, is valuable to their progression in their careers," said Marni Baker Stein, WGU's provost. "So we're thinking, let's look at this natural behavior we're seeing and let's try to meet it instead of fighting it."

A few miles from Henderson, in North Las Vegas, teachers at the Fredric W. Watson Elementary School are also earning stackable credentials - in their case, covering topics such as communication, using data and building leadership skills. Here, the payoff is even more direct: Once they finish a certain number of hours, they get a $5,400 raise.

Teachers used to need to finish master's degrees to get that bump in pay. But those master's degrees often focus on theory, and didn't seem relevant to what was happening in classrooms, said Margaret Loveall, a fourth-grade teacher who gave up 12 credits short of earning hers.

The shorter credentials teachers are earning now are "very connected to what we do," said Tricia Young - her tidy first-glade classroom is decorated with students' picture of sea animals - who has already finished enough stackable credits to get one raise and is working on another.

Even with a guaranteed financial reward, however, it takes a lot of personal outreach to help other teachers fully grasp this idea, said Brenda Pearson, director of professional learning for the Clark County Education Association, which administers the program.

"If I just sent out a flyer, no one would do these," Pearson said. "I don't think people really know what stackable credentials are yet."

Loveall predicts they will. "A lot of people in higher education think it's important to sit there for a [longer] period of time," she said. But in an era when the speed of life keeps picking up, she said, "people are moving away from that."

Shifting so much attention to vocational skills concerns some higher education experts.

Short-term certificates "can be a positive force in people's lives," said Chris Gallagher, vice chancellor for global learning opportunities at Northeastern University and author of "College Made Whole: Integrated Learning for a Divided World." But suggesting it's OK for learners to stop before they reach a bachelor's degree, Gallagher said - just because they've already received some shorter-term credential - leaves them at a comparative disadvantage.

That's because, while their income potential may be higher than if they quit with nothing, certificate holders who stop short of a bachelor's degree may miss out on substantially greater earnings; a typical graduate with a bachelor's degree will earn $1.19 million over his or her lifetime, compared to $855,000 for someone with an associate degree and $580,000 for a high school graduate, the economic think tank The Hamilton Project calculates.

By comparison, workers who finish a certificate make up to a comparatively modest $2,960 a year more, on average, than those with a high school diploma, according to the Community College Research Center at Teachers College, Columbia University. (The Hechinger Report, which produced this story, is an independent unit of Teachers College.)

Lifetime earnings estimates for certificate holders comparable to those for bachelor's degree recipients are not available. Some research, including from the public policy think tank Third Way, has found much less financial benefit from them. The value of some certificates also fades over time as job demands change. And microcredential programs such as the new one in professional writing through edX provide certificates meant less for the workplace than for transfer to another designated university.

The WGU and edX stackable credentials in IT and health care, however, include recognized certifications designed by the industry organizations such as the Computing Technology Industry Association, or CompTIA, and employers including Oracle, which are commonly used in workplace decisions about hiring, salary and promotions.

Students have to pay for certification tests, which can cost as much as $500 apiece, Elzey, of Workcred, pointed out; the tests aren't covered by financial aid.

Back at her breakfast in Henderson, Amy Nelson said friends have begun to ask her about the stackable credentials model. Their interest was piqued when she posted on Facebook how many certifications she'd already earned on the way to her degree.

"I had only been doing this for one year and I had all this stuff. It just blew my mind, so I wanted to share that," she said. "To be the girl who was maybe not going to finish high school and now to have all these degrees, it's sort of amazing."

This story was originally reported and written by Jon Marcus for The Hechinger Report. Jon Marcus is at the higher-education editor for The Hechinger Report.


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A new report from The Sycamore Institute reveals the persistent challenge of college affordability in Tennessee. Despite state and federal aid programs, many students still struggle to cover the costs of higher education.

Brian Straessle, executive director of the institute, said maintaining scholarships is a challenge for some students because of academic, service or renewal requirements. He pointed out students often drop out due to housing costs, food insecurity and transportation issues.

"There are also sort of cost of living challenges frequently where housing, obviously across the board, across the country, has gotten a lot more expensive," Straessle observed. "Some of these scholarship programs, they won't pay for living expenses. They will only pay for tuition and fees."

According to the report, Tennessee's postsecondary education costs vary widely by institution type. For the 2023-2024 school year, average costs ranged from more than $21,000 at public two-year colleges to more than $44,000 at private four-year institutions.

Straessle emphasized the availability of state resources and scholarships that students can access to assist with college expenses.

"Some of the biggest ones are like the HOPE scholarship that, if you're going straight from high school to undergrad, that can pay a significant chunk of your costs," Straessle outlined. "Then there's Tennessee Promise, which gets a lot of headlines, which is what they call a last-dollar scholarship."

Straessle stressed the importance of obtaining a college degree significantly affects job opportunities, earnings and overall well-being for Tennesseans.

"For most people, going to college is going to pay off in terms of your lifelong earning potential, your health and well-being being improved over the course of your life," Straessle emphasized. "Just the opportunities that are available to you, having that degree or certificate."

The report cited an estimate in 2021, 59% of "good jobs" in Tennessee, those paying at least $39,400 for ages 25-44 and $50,700 for ages 45-64 required a bachelor's degree, a figure projected to rise to 66% by 2031.

Support for this reporting was provided by Lumina Foundation.


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South Dakota librarians are implementing new policies for young readers in the new year and they are expecting future challenges, with the governor's proposed funding cuts for 2026.

Both school and public libraries across the state are required to roll out new policies Jan. 1 to "restrict the access of obscene materials by minors," online and in print, with a new law passed this year.

Dan Burniston, director of the Vermillion Public Library, said on a South Dakota Humanities Council panel, filters can be challenging, both because coders and programmers can get around them, and useful information can be filtered out.

"Take the word 'breast,' for example. If your filters are turned up high enough, you search for 'chicken breast,' you're looking for recipes; you search for 'breast cancer.' When you aggressively filter, you can filter perfectly legitimate content, too," Burniston outlined.

According to a 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case, something legally "obscene" must meet three criteria: It encourages excessive interest in sex, is patently offensive and "lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value."

Nancy Swenson, technology services librarian and chair of the Intellectual Freedom Committee for the South Dakota Library Association, said librarians select materials systematically, based on reviews, recommendations and community interest.

"Our stuff that we're buying, even if it's something that, personally, you might not be comfortable with, it has artistic, literary, political or scientific value," Swenson contended. "It is not 'obscene.'"

The American Library Association said more than 4,000 unique book titles were targeted for censorship in 2023. Nearly half involved the lived experiences of LGBTQ+ people or people of color.

In her 2026 budget address, Gov. Kristi Noem proposed cutting general and federal funds to the State Library by nearly $2.5 million.

Sarah Jones-Lutter, director of the Redfield Carnegie Library, said the cuts would especially harm small libraries.

"It gets rid of interlibrary loan," Jones-Lutter stressed. "We say, 'With us small libraries, we can't afford all these books, but we can get them for you.' With this budget, that system is gone."

She added the change would also cut funding for shared databases, summer reading programs and more.

Support for this reporting was provided by The Carnegie Corporation of New York.


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Staff members who support schools are calling for greater investment from Washington state.

As next year's legislative session approaches, wages and staffing are among the biggest asks in schools among classified staff - employees other than teachers and administrators.

Melissa Roach is a peer inclusion preschool paraeducator in Tacoma who works with special education students. She said behavioral incidents are increasing across the board in schools.

"We're concerned every day that there could be a serious injury," said Roach, "because there's no staffing to get us the appropriate bodies in the room to help us."

Roach said she's seen the most turnover ever in her time as a paraeducator. She said her colleagues have expressed similar concerns.

Roach is part of the bargaining team for the Tacoma Federation of Education Support Professionals.

Unfortunately for Roach, she said the pay doesn't feel commiserate with the job she's doing - especially as violent behaviors have become worse after the pandemic.

"I love my job," said Roach, "but this is the first year that I've ever thought, you know, maybe this isn't for me anymore, and that's heartbreaking to me."

The average starting pay for education support professionals in Tacoma is about $26 per hour.

Roach said everyone working in schools is looking for more respect from leaders in the state.

"All the things that they're asking for would not happen if it wasn't for the backbone of the system," said Roach, "which is the custodians and the nurses and the paraeducators and all the people who keep things running and clean and healthy behind the scenes."

The 2025 legislative session convenes on January 13.