Pennsylvania's substitute-teacher shortage has put a lot of pressure on educators in the state, but a new law signed by Gov. Tom Wolf last week aims to expand the pool of eligible substitutes.

Under House Bill 412, retired teachers now can fill vacancies on an emergency or short-term basis. Public schools also can use some college students and recent graduates of an education program as substitutes.

Rich Askey, president of the Pennsylvania State Education Association, said the shortage has a ripple effect on students' ability to learn. Nearly two years into the pandemic, he emphasized it is critical to ensure they stay on track.

"This law is going to help achieve that by reducing the number of overcrowded classrooms," Askey explained. "The educators are now telling me they don't have time in the middle of their day to take a bathroom break. They're teaching two classes at once. It's a very stressful situation out there in our public schools."

The substitute-teacher eligibility allowed in the bill will be a pilot program for the remainder of this school year and the next. The bill also will allow teachers whose certifications have lapsed to substitute for 180 days, up from a 90-day cut-off.

Kerry Mulvihill, a seventh grade science teacher in the Conestoga Valley School District in Lancaster County, has been an educator for more than two decades. She said the last two years have been the most difficult, and with teachers out more frequently, other staff members are expected to cover their class during prep periods, the only time during the day without students.

Mulvihill is thankful to the Legislature for passing the bill, but worries it's not enough.

"So I'm kind of hopeful that we can get more retirees with the bill and more pre-service teachers," Mulvihill remarked. "But I wish we could do more to really promote the importance of education to our community and the importance of supporting our substitutes as well as our in-house teachers."

Mulvihill added she would also like to see an increased wage for teachers in Pennsylvania. The average starting salary for Pennsylvania educators during the 2019-2020 school year was $41,000 a year.

Gov. Jared Polis has designated seven Colorado colleges and universities as Career Connected Campuses for their work getting more students from all parts of the state and backgrounds ready for high-demand, good-paying jobs driving the state's economy.

Gillian McKnight-Tutein, senior educational equity officer for the Colorado Department of Higher Education, said the schools have prioritized practical skills for students.

"They are committed to the professional development and career readiness, while those students are in the classroom," McKnight-Tutein explained.

In Colorado, 75% of all jobs, and 94% of top jobs paying enough to sustain a family, require some form of education beyond high school. But just 50% of high school grads are pursuing postsecondary education. The schools receiving the first-ever designation are Colorado College, Colorado School of Mines, the online Colorado State University Global, Pueblo Community College, Regis University, Colorado University-Denver, and the University of Denver.

The state has been working to remove cost as a barrier for students and many certificate and degree programs are zero-tuition. McKnight-Tutein pointed out more schools are helping students who cannot afford to take time off work by helping them get jobs that also count toward academic requirements.

"There are scholarships. The costs are defrayed, but for the apprenticeship situation, those jobs actually pay," McKnight-Tutein noted. "They're actually making money before graduation."

The new designation reinforces the agency's Social Determinants of Student Success initiative which, as McKnight-Tutein added, works to ensure that students' basic needs such as food, shelter and health care are met, so students can stay in school.

"Because we know that it's not just about them getting there," McKnight-Tutein stressed. "It's about them being able to sustain their lives. Financially, they have families that they need to take care of sometimes. So we want to make sure that all those supports are around them."


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As winter break approaches, Alabama's Summer Adventures in Learning program is encouraging parents to think ahead to summer, particularly as quality summer learning options continue to shrink across the nation.

SAIL emphasized access to strong summer programs can have a meaningful effect on students, especially in preventing learning setbacks.

Suzy Harris, program manager for Summer Adventures in Learning, said early planning could help families secure a spot in programs designed to support students' academic and social growth over the summer.

"Under-resourced youths in particular are affected by summer learning loss at a higher degree," Harris explained. "Because they don't have the access to going on trips or going to minicamp at a museum, or going to the library regularly."

In Alabama, SAIL programs provided reading and math instruction to more than 2,300 students this past summer, combining academics with recreational activities to keep students engaged. For many families, the programs also addressed gaps in summer resources when it comes to meals and access to other educational opportunities.

Harris noted the program benefits teachers too, giving them the freedom to be creative and adapt lessons to meet students' specific needs. The flexibility creates a more engaging and effective learning environment over the summer.

"Teachers have the opportunity to experiment with how they're teaching and with new lesson plans," Harris pointed out. "They don't have the burden of all the extra paperwork and they can have fun in how they're doing lessons."

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly half of public schools offer summer school programs, primarily aimed at helping students with remedial learning or credit recovery. However, fewer schools, around 20 %, provide broader summer recreation programs, which include activities such as sports, games and youth development.

Among schools providing summer classes, 23% report staffing shortages, limiting their ability to accommodate all interested or at-risk students.


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Librarians in Connecticut and nationwide are worried about the ramifications of Donald Trump's second term as president.

Some are concerned elements of Project 2025, such as ending federal funding for state and public libraries, will be part of his policy agenda. Trump repeatedly tried to slash such funding during his first term.

Peter Bromberg, associate director of the advocacy group EveryLibrary, found another element of shifting policies is censorship by labeling books as pornographic. He noted the word "pornographic" is a stand-in for a book having LGBTQ+ material.

"What is getting banned as pornographic are mainstream books, are classic books, or award-winning books," Bromberg explained. "Even picture books like 'And Tango Makes Three', 'Heather Has Two Mommies', or a biography of Billie Jean King that's a picture book that's age-appropriate but it mentions that she's a gay woman."

The politicization of libraries has only grown since Trump left office. Book bans have peaked in recent years. Connecticut saw 113 books targeted in 2023, with most books involving LGBTQ+ content. A General Assembly bill was created to reduce the power of school and library boards to restrict books in response to some boards doing so. The bill received mixed reactions at a public hearing and failed to make it out of committee.

However, book bans are not highly favored despite ongoing increases. An American Library Association survey showed most voters support librarians' authority over what is on the shelves. Other polls showed political candidates favoring book bans are unlikely to be supported.

Bromberg stressed partisan divisiveness has only made the problem snowball.

"Once groups are formed and money starts coming in to fund these types of political projects, and I think as we've seen, as we continue to see, people's anger and people's distrust and people's fear can be weaponized and can be hijacked towards political ends," Bromberg emphasized.

Other means of censoring libraries are growing, too. Numerous state bills criminalizing libraries and charging librarians with crimes for allowing children to take out certain books have been introduced.


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