Virginia's nursing homes have been some of the most vulnerable communities during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exacted a physical and mental toll on staff and residents.

A bill currently pushing through the Virginia General Assembly could help address those issues. The measure would establish minimum staffing standards and set new care guidelines for Virginia's nursing homes.

Natalie Snider, associate state director of advocacy for AARP Virginia, said advocates have been pushing for such a measure for two decades.

"If this isn't the time, especially as we come through COVID, and we have seen thousands of people in nursing homes die across the country, we've had over 2,000 people die due to COVID in Virginia alone in nursing facilities, when is the time?" Snider asked.

Snider pointed out without minimum staffing standards, nursing-care facilities can shift most work to certain employees. A 2021 poll by AARP found more than seventy % of Virginia voters support establishing minimum staffing thresholds. The bill will be before the House's Health, Welfare and Institutions Subcommittee on Tuesday.

Tracey Pompey, vice president of Justice and Change For Victims of Nursing Facilities, said the pandemic has exacerbated preexisting staffing issues in Virginia's nursing homes. Pompey is a former nursing assistant with 30 years of experience. She explained nursing-home staff often face low pay, unreasonable demands from management, and burnout: all of which contribute to abuse and neglect of residents.

"This is not something that came up just because we got COVID," Pompey asserted. "This has been long-standing, and nurses and nursing assistants have been burned out for years, decades."

According to data from AARP, about a third of Virginia's nursing homes were reporting staffing shortages as of mid-January.

Joanna Heiskill, founder of Justice and Change For Victims of Nursing Facilities, said the bill would help ensure fair and proper staff scheduling so nursing-facility residents can receive better quality care. She added the measure would also add new layers of accountability for nursing homes.

"There are those that are working in these facilities that try to do the best they can, and actually work sometimes double shifts," Heiskill observed. "But they're in a toxic environment."

In an email, Heiskill wrote "It is unconscionable that the lack of staffing standards should be allowed to continue." Virginia is one of 18 states without staffing minimums for nursing-home employees.

Oregon is working to address the state's digital divide with hundreds of millions of dollars in funding.

Infrastructure presents the largest challenges for connecting people in Oregon to high-speed broadband internet.

Nick Batz, director of the Oregon Broadband Office, said there are more than 170,000 residencies in the state with no or slow internet access.

"Our goal through the broadband office and with all our stakeholders throughout Oregon is to provide access to all 112,000 unserved locations and as many of the 60,000 underserved locations as we can," Batz explained.

The state has received federal funding from a variety of sources, including nearly $690 million from the Broadband Equity, Access and Deployment program, and more than $150 million from the Capital Projects Fund approved in the American Rescue Plan Act from 2021.

Oregon's Digital Equity Plan has also been approved and along with it, nearly $10 million in funding.

Bandana Shrestha, state director of AARP Oregon, said there was a time when high-speed broadband internet was considered a luxury.

"Now, it's such a big necessity for everyone, including for older adults," Shrestha pointed out. "Because we know that if you don't have connectivity, you're not going to be able to see your doctor when you want to. Telemedicine is not going to be possible."

Batz added his office is working to ensure every Oregonian can get on the internet.

"It is an interesting challenge," Batz observed. "Nothing has been done like this in Oregon's history of trying to get internet access to everybody. So, it's going to be quite the challenge and it's absolutely going to require participation from everybody to make this happen."

Nursing homes across South Dakota will soon receive a boost in support, as part of the most recent legislative session.

Facilities caring for Medicaid recipients are reimbursed by the state for some of the cost. Reimbursement rates have been calculated based on patient needs, occupancy and funds available in the state budget. Last year, the South Dakota Legislature increased the rate from about 75% to 100%.

House Bill 1167 now allows the Medicaid reimbursement rate to be adjusted annually, to keep up with inflation and other changes.

Erik Nelson, advocacy director for AARP South Dakota, is glad lawmakers are giving nursing homes attention.

"We have seen a number of nursing homes close in recent years," Nelson pointed out. "Financial considerations were a factor in that, along with workforce and some other issues."

Since 2019, 15 nursing homes have closed across the state, with six of the remaining 98 on a federal list of facilities not meeting basic standards of care. In addition to a lack of funding, the average staff turnover rate is 54%.

State lawmakers also approved the use of $5 million in American Rescue Plan Act funding toward expanding telehealth services in facilities including nursing homes, allowing patients to receive some health care services remotely.

Nelson noted telehealth is one way to supply needed support.

"For not only the residents, but the family caregivers that are supporting their loved ones in the nursing homes," Nelson emphasized. "And of course, the staff of the nursing home that's in the community."

Census data show South Dakota's population is aging and by 2030, one-fifth of residents will be older than 65.

Meals on Wheels programs could be a powerful tool for addressing the needs of people living with dementia, according to a study from Ohio State University researchers.

The community-based program delivers weekly meals to food-insecure seniors.

Lisa Juckett, assistant professor of occupational therapy at Ohio State University, conducted interviews with caregivers, people living with dementia, and the staff of LifeCare Alliance, the largest Meals on Wheels provider in the state. She said the findings revealed delivery drivers are often a critical source of social interaction and an "extra set of eyes" on homebound individuals.

"That Meals on Wheels driver is then able to perform very brief but important wellness checks and safety checks," Juckett explained. "To make sure that meal is actually being delivered, the door is being answered."

According to Meals on Wheels America, last year more than 90,000 Ohio seniors received over eight million home-delivered meals through the program. More than 80% of people with dementia in the U.S. live at home, and an estimated 60% are unable to eat or prepare food on their own.

States rely on a combination of federal funding, private donations and fundraising agencies to keep local Meals on Wheels programs operating. Juckett added the findings come on the heels of Congress deciding to cut funding for the Older Americans Act, which allocates money to Meals on Wheels programs nationwide.

"Meals on Wheels programs are always on the chopping block, when it comes to federal budgets being adjusted every year," Juckett pointed out. "We need more advocacy efforts to validate or justify the importance of these programs."

According to the group Alzheimer's disease International, more than 55 million people around the world live with dementia, a number expected to double over the next two decades.