The Infrastructure Act is providing $1.2 trillion for improvement projects across water, energy, building and transportation sectors. A new report looks at how officials can use funds to address environmental justice.

Authored by the National Wildlife Federation, the report provides a framework for front-line and fenceline communities experiencing environmental-justice issues such as frequent flooding to finance solutions through infrastructure dollars.

Tatiana Eaves, an environmental and climate justice policy specialist for the federation, said the Infrastructure Act is an opportunity for decision makers.

"We must always let community leaders speak for themselves," said Eaves, "and trust them as the experts of their own lived experience and for us to listen as many communities already know what the solutions are. They just need the resources to bring them into reality."

This November, New Yorkers will vote on a ballot measure for approval of the $4.2 billion Clean Water, Clean Air, and Green Jobs Environmental Bond Act.

The bond would leverage federal infrastructure dollars to support land conservation, environmental justice and water-quality improvement.

Shawyn Patterson-Howard is mayor of Mount Vernon, New York. For almost two decades, Mount Vernon residents have lived with raw sewage backing up into their homes, flooding streets and polluting local waterways due to old and corroded clay sewer pipes.

Patterson-Howard said the infrastructure dollars could help the Black-majority city with pipe replacement.

"Without proper maintenance and investment over the last few decades, the sewer system and the stormwater system has begun to collapse," said Patterson-Howard. "So we have to find a way to improve regionally our stormwater system, which is definitely being impacted in light of climate change."

Patterson-Howard estimates replacement will cost between $250 and $300 million.

In April, Gov. Kathy Hochul announced $150 million for this project. The report suggests federal infrastructure dollars also could support grants to help low-income homeowners repair failing septic systems.

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved a plan extending a natural-gas pipeline in Virginia. The Virginia Reliability Plan and Transcot's CEC project calls for compressor stations and a natural-gas pipeline extension in communities already harmed by these impacts such as Petersburg.

The city ranked as the least healthy according to the University of Wisconsin's County Health Rankings and Roadmaps.

Tim Cywinski, communications director with the Sierra Club's Virginia Chapter, said projects like this undermine the state's climate progress.

"Whether it's a natural-gas pipeline that's doubling the size and diameter or a proposal to build a 'peaker plant' in Chesterfield, Virginia," he said. "All of these go against Virginia's goals, specifically since we're the last stronghold in the South that has any kind of climate commitment."

He said the state can't reach its climate goals and uphold environmental justice if projects like the VRP continue to be approved.

The project's Environmental Impact Statement is explicit on the determinants this project poses, but, Cywinski said Petersburg is a "sacrifice zone." This is an area where fossil-fuel companies already have an approved project and go there for a new project since the area's already facing environmental impacts.

Feedback to the project has been particularly negative. Numerous community and environmental groups voiced their opposition, and Cywinski said policymakers need to understand the importance in plans like this not being implemented.

"It's not unreasonable for us to expect our decision makers to implement a policy where protecting people from pollution is the floor -- not some negotiation up to the ceiling, the floor," he continued. "And, I think people, as the climate issue becomes more apparent, as people see more of the impacts of pollution, that this type of opposition is becoming more and more regular."

While some could get the misconception Virginia is pulling away from its climate goals, Cywinski said the opposite is true. He feels Gov. Glenn Youngkin and some legislators are working to blunt the state's climate goals.

In a new report, a coalition of New York environmental groups said dredging the Hudson River of toxic chemicals has failed.

The report by Friends of a Clean Hudson River showed PCB chemical levels are higher than anticipated. The Environmental Protection Agency dredged the river between 2009 and 2015 for 30 years worth of chemicals General Electric dumped into it.

Ned Sullivan, president of Scenic Hudson, said while dredging is typically an effective way to clean pollutants out of a river, the EPA's effort was ineffective.

"The problem is that EPA struck a deal with GE that was too much in favor of the polluter," Sullivan contended. "They didn't require GE to clean up enough contamination."

Other federal agencies noted this. A 2015 report found GE did not do enough dredging, and the EPA did not force the company to do more.

Sullivan argued the first step to true remediation is having the EPA admit the finding was correct, and prepare for more extensive dredging.

Some 200 miles of the Hudson River are considered a Superfund site due to the high amount of contamination, and 40 miles of the Upper Hudson are GE's responsibility. Friends of a Clean Hudson River's assessment contended current sediment recovery rates are unlikely to allow fish to recover naturally.

Sullivan noted the effects it would have.

"PCBs are a forever chemical, they don't naturally break down in the environment," Sullivan stressed. "And as you move up the food chain to other wildlife that consumes fish, as well as humans, the PCBs become more and more concentrated at every level in the food chain."

The EPA has warned against eating fish caught in the river between Troy and Hudson Falls, but people still do.

Sullivan emphasized PCBs are here to stay unless more is done. He said other parts of the river also need to be monitored, since they are just as toxic as the dredged area.

"We've called on EPA to require a formal investigation of the Lower Hudson, 160 miles below the Troy Dam, where no remediation has been done," Sullivan pointed out. "We know there is additional contamination because the fish in that Lower Hudson remain unsafe to eat."

GE implemented two of three sediment collection programs this year. A third program, which includes deeper sediment sample collection, starts in 2024.


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Washington state's Climate Commitment Act promised funds for communities on the front lines of climate change. One group is tracking those dollars to make sure the state follows through.

Passed in 2021, the CCA is the state's carbon cap-and-trade program - with at least 35% of the revenue it generates committed to "Vulnerable Populations within Overburdened Communities."

However, an analysis by the nonprofit Front and Centered found less than 7% of revenue in the current budget met this requirement.

Guillermo Rogel, legislative and government relations advocate with Front and Centered, said the group is looking at the state's investment in areas like transportation.

"Some communities are able to afford increased access to public transit, some are not," said Rogel, "and that's what CCA investments could be used for. So, it's just an example of what we want to see."

Rogel noted that it's still early in the process of distributing funds from the CCA. Revenue generated by the program has reached nearly $1.5 billion so far, in its first year of carbon auctions.

Rogel said the 2024 legislative session should give lawmakers an opportunity to ensure frontline communities are prioritized.

"We'll be asking the Legislature take a look at their budget, see what in their budget is explicitly dedicated to overburdened communities," said Rogel, "where we can be a little bit more clear, and where we could really make sure that the intent and the spirit of bills, like the HEAL Act and the environmental justice provisions of the CCA, are met."

Also passed in 2021, the HEAL or Healthy Environment for All Act aims to ensure communities affected the most by climate change are prioritized as well.

It requires seven state agencies to direct 40% of their grants and expenditures to these communities.




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