People on the Navajo Nation have lived through decades of oil, gas, uranium and coal extraction, and helium could be next.
The Navajo Nation Oil and Gas Company wants to explore for helium on Navajo land in New Mexico, a proposal pitting reservation agencies against some residents and environmentalists.
Helium is highly concentrated on tribal lands. It is extracted along with natural gas, and requires drilling deep into the earth's crust. But New Mexico is experiencing the worst drought in 1,200 years.
Elouise Brown, Dooda Helium Desert Rock community organizer and an environmental activist, said water needed for such operations is already in short supply.
"Coal, uranium, all those extractions, they have damaged Mother Earth, and the entities never clean up their mess," Brown asserted. "The main thing is they contaminate the water."
Proceeds from oil and gas drilling drive New Mexico's economy, but health experts have noted living near wells can result in more cases of asthma, birth defects and cancer. Navajo Nation Oil and Gas said helium extraction could provide profits for the tribe while helping ease a worldwide shortage.
Christina Morris, Dooda Helium TiisNazBas community organizer, said the proposal has not included adequate participation from many residents who are opposed.
"These forms of environmentally destructive policies only accentuate racialized capitalism," Morris contended. "Especially Navajo Nation, who were forced from all of the homelands of the Southwest since the 1930s."
Joseph Hernandez, with Naeva, said too many extraction companies have made false promises to native peoples about the economic benefits of extraction, which often result in a "get rich quick scheme" for a handful of people. He believes the reservation should invest elsewhere.
"If we can make Navajo Nation more business-friendly and keep our money here to create an economy on Navajo (land), that alone will replace the need to depend on helium extraction," Hernandez argued.
The area slated to be explored for helium includes homes and farms, along with cultural, religious and ceremonial sites.
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Legislation to provide legal immunity for pesticide companies has been introduced in state capitols across the country and lawmakers in Boise could soon join them. Research, including from the University of Idaho, has shown a link between agricultural chemicals and cancer rates in adults and children.
Irene Ruiz, executive director, Idaho Organization of Resource Councils, says pesticide manufacturers know they're selling something potentially harmful.
"To throw the responsibility on a small farmer or on a pesticide sprayer or on other folks, that's just not a fair thing to do. And for them to absolve themselves from this liability is not a good thing in the long run," she contended.
A poll from September found 90% of Idahoans oppose legally shielding pesticide companies. In 2024, lawmakers introduced a bill to provide legal protection for companies that fail to warn people about health and safety issues from pesticides, but the bill died in the Senate. The sponsor of the legislation says potential lawsuits create uncertainty for farmers and ranchers.
But Ruiz said there isn't enough warning about these chemicals and their impacts, and added it is not clear how many people have become ill from pesticides.
"I used to be a farm worker, and I know some of the ills that I have comes from pesticides. My family and friends and people that I know have long term effects from that, and there needs to be better ways and better resources and better studies to help us understand if we are getting harmed by pesticides or how to prevent them in a better way," she explained.
Ruiz said pesticides are also an issue in rural areas, where the chemicals can drift from fields to nearby homes and schools.
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A new report shows U.S. companies tackling oil and gas pollution are seeing solid and strong economic growth. Pennsylvania's methane mitigation industry is boosting the economy and job market, ranking among the top five states with 51 employee locations.
Marcy Lowe, principal with Datu Research, says manufacturers and service firms in the industry help oil and gas operators reduce methane emissions by providing leak detection, measurement and mitigation equipment. She adds that natural gas is mostly methane, a potent greenhouse gas that drives global warming.
"These manufacturing and service firms play a really important role in getting a handle on climate change, since they're all about reducing emissions of methane, which is much more powerful in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide," she explained.
The report states that the number of U.S. companies in methane mitigation is growing fast, and in 2024, there were 268 companies, up 24% from 215 in 2021.
Lowe said significant industry growth is driving economic change across the country. In Pennsylvania, that growth is centered around Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, where many companies are located. She added the jobs are stable and pay well, particularly in client-focused service sectors.
"In our interviews with companies, they tell us that these jobs have upward mobility as well, where someone might start with the company on the assembly line and end up with a much higher paying job, with much more responsibility for the future of the company," she continued.
Leak-detection technology leads manufacturing, with 55 companies reporting its production. Lowe says in Pennsylvania, firms such as Heath Consultants are driving innovation with both tech and services. Nationwide, efforts are growing to replace gas-releasing pneumatic devices with electric or solar-powered alternatives, while reducing venting and flaring to cut methane emissions and fight climate change.
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A recent report revealed the Shell petrochemical plant in Beaver County has failed to deliver the promised economic benefits since its announcement more than a decade ago.
New findings from the Ohio River Valley Institute showed the plastics plant has not brought and economic boom, and promised jobs have not materialized.
Eric de Place, research fellow for the Ohio River Valley Institute, said Beaver County's economy has performed worse than Pennsylvania as a whole, as well as the nation and even its own past benchmarks.
"Its economic performance is actually declining over time," de Place reported. "Since Shell announced that plant, what's happened is they've lost population, they've lost GDP, they've lost jobs, they've lost businesses."
De Place pointed out local residents were promised an economic renaissance with thousands of jobs and increased tax revenue when Shell built its petrochemical plant, leading Pennsylvania to give the company $1.6 billion in subsidies. He stressed it is important for community members to demand accountability and question why Shell continues to receive taxpayer support.
Shell contends its complex has created nearly 500 jobs. De Place countered Beaver County saw a short-term boost during the Shell plant's construction, with thousands of workers on-site. But since operations began, the promised economic gains have not happened.
"Clearly in the data, Shell is employing a few hundred people at the plant now. Those are real jobs, but what we're looking at is the net effect," de Place explained. "Sure, you add a few hundred jobs in one place but what happens to the rest of the economy during that time? And what happens is, it's actually declining."
De Place noted the plant produces tiny plastic pellets called nurdles, which are the building blocks for many plastic products, including disposable items such as grocery bags. Essentially, it transforms fracked gas into the raw material for plastics.
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