October is Domestic Violence Awareness Month, and advocates in Iowa are especially alarmed about what comes up in a few weeks: a proposed gun rights amendment on the November ballot.

It is a question of whether "strict scrutiny" language should be added to Iowa's constitution in establishing the right to keep and bear arms. Opponents say it would make it easier to overturn common-sense gun laws, including one prohibiting someone convicted of a misdemeanor domestic violence offense, or who is subject to a protective order, from having a firearm.

Lindsay Pingel, director of community engagement for the Iowa Coalition Against Domestic Violence, said such individuals should not possess a gun.

"It doesn't necessarily have to mean that the firearm even has to be used to cause harm," Pingel pointed out. "A person who harms might never fire that weapon at their victim, but they might use it to terrorize them."

She noted it includes pointing it at the victim or threatening to kill themselves. Supporters of the proposed amendment stressed Iowa is one of only six states to not have a right to bear arms in its constitution. They added their approach is in response to legal upholding of broader gun restrictions in the U.S., arguing backers of the laws have been able to work around the 2nd Amendment.

Matt Sinovic, executive director of Progress Iowa, another group opposed to the ballot question, said in Missouri, one of the states adopting "strict scrutiny" language, a case saw some success by leaning on the argument.

"It really will depend on the court and their interpretation of this because it is so new," Sinovic explained. "There's nothing that would prevent that from happening here in Iowa"

The ballot question comes after a recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling expanding rights to carry firearms in public. A recent state report noted Iowa has seen 12 domestic violence fatalities in the first eight months of 2022. And Pingel feels there are more dangerous situations where a weapon is present, not on the radar of police or service providers.

"We know that for every victim that we hear about that is reporting a crime, or we unfortunately hear about after a tragedy, there's always so many more who aren't reporting what is happening to them," Pingel emphasized.

Ohio's domestic violence shelters provided emergency housing to nearly 10,000 people last year, and advocates are calling for a funding boost.

Providers said they are unable to meet demand, especially for the nearly 73,000 residents seeking counseling, court advocacy and other non-shelter services.

Mary O'Doherty, executive director of the Ohio Domestic Violence Network, said the volume of calls and the severity of cases has worsened since the pandemic.

"They are seeing survivors with more severe injuries, survivors describing more lethal situations," O'Doherty observed. "I hear regularly that the calls to our crisis lines are more complicated, are scarier for the advocates who are receiving the calls."

Ohio Gov. Mike DeWine has allocated $20 million for domestic violence services in his proposed budget, but the funding still needs approval from the state legislature. Dozens of advocates gather in Columbus today for the Ohio Domestic Violence Network's Advocacy Day to meet with lawmakers on the issue.

Last year in Ohio there were more than 80 domestic-violence related homicides, including the deaths of children.

Even with the funding increase, Ohio continues to spend less per capita for domestic violence services than its neighbors, including Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana. O'Doherty pointed out investments in services ultimately save taxpayer dollars.

"Those are costs associated with medical care, property damage, law enforcement, emergency response, child protective services, legal fees, and the loss of life of survivors, including end-of-life expenses," O'Doherty outlined.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nationwide the lifetime economic cost associated with medical services, criminal justice, and other costs related to intimate partner violence totals more than $3 trillion.

Gov. Mike DeWine recently announced he's providing $30 million to boost rape crisis services statewide, after years of federal funding cuts.

Jennifer Seifert, executive director of the Ohio Survivor Advocacy Outreach Program, said the trauma associated with sexual violence demands a tailored response that crisis centers are staffed and trained to address.

"And that can be all the way from a civil protection order to perhaps filing a Title IX complaint, if they're a college student," she said, "or all the way to maybe mobilizing some housing resources or reporting to law enforcement, getting the evidence collection done at a medical facility."

Since the start of the pandemic, crisis centers have had to cut staff and reduce service areas, as centers saw a 55% jump in monthly hotline calls, along with a rise in survivors seeking emergency shelter, legal advocacy and mental-health services.

Emily Gemar, director of public policy at the Ohio Alliance to End Sexual Violence, explained that the services people need throughout their lifetime to recover from sexual violence, and that the response from law enforcement and prosecutors offices can be costly. She said for every act of sexual violence prevented, more than $122,000 in lifetime costs are averted.

"We know that by investing money into prevention, which was one of the primary reasons for the state funding for sexual assault services, that we are actually saving our state money and improving the quality of life for for all Ohioans," she said.

Rose Beltre, the alliance's executive director, said centers are grappling with how to expand coverage across the state, retain existing services and reach into new areas, and asked, "How can the centers maintain adequate staff to be able to provide services for survivors, holistic and comprehensive services?"

According to the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Victimization Survey, nearly one in five women and one in 67 men have experienced some form of sexual violence in their lives.

Ohio community groups seeking ways to increase support for sexual assault survivors living with disabilities. A January 23rd training session hosted by the Ohio Alliance to End Sexual Violence will focus on how law enforcement, hospitals, and other institutions can provide equitable services.

Natasha Larson, director of training and member engagement with the Alliance explained it is common for perpetrators to be closely linked to their victims, and can often include family members or staff at a caregiving facility. She said people with disabilities are at higher risk for assault because their abuser can interfere with attempts to report it.

"They may tamper with things," Larson said, "like withholding any assistive technology that they have - mobility aids, communication devices - things that allow them to perform daily tasks."

A 2012 nationwide survey, the first of it's kind published by the Spectrum Institute, found more than one-third of respondents were victims of repeated sexual abuse. More information on the training is online at 'oaesv.org.'

Nicole Kass Colvin, manager of coordinated community responses with the Alliance, added society often views those with disabilities as asexual, and points out that people born with disabilities are less likely to be taught the proper names of body parts, or the definitions of sexual assault and consent.

"This leads to a lack of comprehensive sex education and consent education, which increases risk," she said.

Kass Colvin said Ohioans can help protect their loved ones with disabilities by advocating for increased accessibility in their communities and workplaces.

"When we are able to know ahead of time how to access or activate a trauma-informed qualified interpreter, or services that have accessible spaces, then we're better able to respond to those situations," she said.

Children with disabilities are nearly three times more likely to experience sexual violence, according to the World Health Organization.