By Jessica Plance for Homegrown Stories via The Daily Yonder.
Broadcast version by Mike Moen for Prairie News Service for the Public News Service/Daily Yonder Collaboration
The Turtle Mountain Community College sits in the heart of Turtle Mountain Reservation just a few miles south of the Canadian border. Each morning, Wes Davis, the facilities manager, scans a chart he refers to as "the heartbeat of the college."
Sensors have been installed inside the school that track when doors open and close from people entering and leaving the building, and also the heat loss and gains of each room within the building. Heat ebbs and flows with all of the activity within the college and on this chart it looks a lot like a heart monitor, spiking up and down throughout the day.
With this information, Wes controls when to accept heat loss in the building and even in specific rooms. He is also able to see which heat pumps might need repairs or attention.
Through this smart technology and sensors, Wes has been able to fine tune the geothermal energy that the college was built on, along with a 660 kilowatt wind generator, to be one of the most sustainable colleges in the nation.
"We not only have the geothermal and wind technology but we also have the technology to control them to the max efficiency that we can use them," said Wes.
People living on Turtle Mountain pay two to three times the average amount per kilowatt-hour for energy than people on the other side of the reservation border, living in less rural areas.
In the past, rural electrical co-ops have not invited Indigenous people into conversations about joining the co-op movement. "Co-ops were a part of the colonization of our people, because we, of course, heated our homes with wood, we cooked with wood, we lit our homes with wood and then all of a sudden we were put on a reservation, and we were forced to buy power," explained Wes.
Colonialism imposed a worldview on Indigenous people that not only impacted how they sustain themselves but also required infrastructure that wasn't accessible for them to move towards green and renewable energies. "There's some pretty tough conversations that have been going on in the past couple of years," said Wes.
"Tribes that are seeking self determination, want to be at the table of co-ops. We understand how they help and how that affects the quality of life of our people. We need to be able to understand how to develop our power and energy and how to get it to our communities," said Wes.
"I feel we are going to be coming together soon to work with each other to possibly learn from each other."
Wes is Anishinaabe and was born and raised on the Turtle Mountain Reservation. He has seen a lot change since he left home at 17 years old to pursue an education in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC).
After several years away learning about the trade and sustainable systems, Turtle Mountain Community College recruited Wes to return home to be the facilities manager for the college.
Wes said that the sustainability aspect really hit him one Christmas Eve, when he was working 40 hours a week and his power was cut off in his home. He couldn't afford to keep his electricity on. He began asking his friends what they were paying per month for energy and $700 was the answer he heard from several people in the community, for homes that are on average 1,200 square feet or less.
"I want our community to be healthier and have a better quality of life and not have to be taxed all winter long just to keep their homes warm," explained Wes.
The history of the Anishinaabe people plays an important role in Wes's work centering sustainability and environmentalism. "I want to make sure that the teachings that we have known for thousands of years are taken into consideration when we're doing sustainable living. Because keep in mind, before, we always knew that the sun gave us power, it gave us plants, trees, it heats the ground, and it's an amazing gift from the Creator," said Wes.
Turtle Mountain has changed drastically over the years, according to Wes. There has been a revitalization in recent years that has been connecting Indigenous people with their culture, a connection that was disrupted by colonialism and genocide. "It's amazing, because everybody takes pride in being who we are. It's not always easy to be Indigenous, especially in the world we live in right now. But society's taking us in, and there's all kinds of allies and people who are not native, who believe in what we believe in, and we have a mutual respect, and we have integrity for each other," said Wes.
As the facilities manager, Wes led an effort to lower the energy bill of the college by 300%. It went from $600,000 per year to less than $200,000 per year. He did this through controlling the 256 geothermal heating and cooling pumps in the school, each equipped with their own sensor.
Wes has used those savings in a variety of ways, from investing in energy infrastructure to improving the quality of life for the students.
Some of the money saved from the energy bill has been given back to the community and the school by supporting local artists and bringing more culture into the college. The hallways of Turtle Mountain Community College show the history of the Anishinaabe people. A display case holds an assortment of artwork, from artifacts to local Indigenous artists to student recreations of traditional crafts.
Wes not only wants the college to be sustainable, he wants the college to teach sustainability to the community and inspire community members to build more sustainable homes. Creating a vocational HVAC and solar energy program at the college is a step towards the vision for an energy-sovereign tribal nation on Turtle Mountain.
Energy sovereignty would give the Turtle Mountain Reservation community more economic freedom as well as strengthen tribal sovereignty, according to Wes. "It's part of the self determination of the tribe, because we have always been dependent on rural co-ops for our power, which is a big deal because of course, we use that power for heating, lighting, water, everything that is a natural resource to our lives and our quality of life," said Wes.
By reclaiming the use and distribution of energy on their own terms, tribal members can stop overpaying for their energy and keep resources within their communities.
Wes envisions a community where students of the college implement sustainable energy systems on the reservation and free the community members from the burden of high energy costs.
This redistribution is already happening on the campus with the savings that Wes has used for new equipment and resources for the students to improve their quality of life. The hope is to see those changes across the reservation and eventually across the nation through leading by example.
The future goal for the school involves a vocational HVAC program and solar and renewable energy schooling, said Wes.
"If we can build better infrastructure, and develop our communities better through sustainability efforts, we can then create economies by training these people to maintain and upkeep these buildings to have the state of the art mechanical systems in them," said Wes.
"Now that we have institutions like this, it's going to change who we are as a nation, along with how we practice our culture and language. "
Jessica Plance wrote this article for Homegrown Stories via The Daily Yonder.
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The Black Hills National Forest is one of the latest federal lands to enter a co-stewardship agreement with local tribal nations-a management model encouraged by the Biden administration.
The Pactola / Ȟe Sápa Visitor Center sits on the south end of the Pactola Dam, along the 1.2 million acres making up the Black Hills. A ceremony held this month honored a new memorandum of understanding for co-stewardship of the center, bringing together local tribal nations and the U.S. Forest Service to jointly administer the site.
About 80 similar agreements were made after a 2021 federal order, according to the Interior Department.
Ada Montague, staff attorney for the Native American Rights Fund, said the agreements are opportunities to make good on federal treaty promises; ongoing legal obligations the U.S. government has toward tribal nations.
"There's often a difficult history to reconcile with," Montague acknowledged. "That's usually a big first challenge. But when there are engaged folks on both sides who want to see something go forward, then typically the difficulties are more technical."
The technical challenges may be around the structure and terms of agreement, Montague pointed out, but there are increasingly more models for them, including a sovereign-to-sovereign cooperative agreements online resource launched by The University of Washington Law Library in March.
Tribes involved in the Black Hills agreement include the Cheyenne River, Standing Rock, Oglala, Rosebud and Crow Creek Sioux Tribes.
Weston Jones, who is Oglala Lakota and a summer law clerk for the Native American Rights Fund, said co-stewardship of the visitor center allows tribes to teach the public.
"They can share stories, they can share plant knowledge, animal knowledge, watershed knowledge and all the natural resource knowledge and pass that to their next generation," Jones noted.
The Forest Service said the center averages about 40,000 visitors a year.
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Members of the Nebraska Santee Sioux Tribe hope a solution to their five-year water ordeal may be on the way.
Their tap water has been unusable for drinking or cooking since 2019, when unsafe manganese levels led the Environmental Protection Agency to issue a "no drink" order.
Kameron Runnels, vice chairman of the Santee Sioux Nation, said a bill passed in the Nebraska Legislature allows them to tap into the state's Water Sustainability Fund for possibly as much as $20 million, although it is not a long-term solution. Ultimately, the tribe hopes to connect to the Randall Community Water District in South Dakota, which will cost roughly $53 million.
"Connecting to that water system would provide us that generational change to our water system and give us clean water for the next, who knows, maybe forever," Runnels explained.
The tribe is waiting to hear the status of its Water Sustainability Fund application, and a $20 million U.S. Department of Agriculture grant it applied for more than a year ago. For now, they continue to provide bottled water for the 800 members who reside on tribal lands, at a cost of nearly $15,000 a month.
A Bureau of Indian Affairs grant that covered the water costs for about a year recently ran out, but Runnels said they were just awarded a grant from the Omaha-based Sherwood Foundation which should cover another year of bottled water. He noted nobody knows why the manganese levels are so high and pointed out the Indian Health Service went to great lengths to try to find available safe water.
"They used ground-penetrating radar, using airplane flights, looking for pockets of water all over our tribal lands," Runnels recounted. "They did exploratory drilling in about 20 different sites but they could never find quality or quantity of water."
Runnels added the Water Sustainability Fund and the attention they are getting from state and federal lawmakers has been encouraging. He regrets other Nebraska Tribes were not helped by the new state law and said water issues are rampant among the country's Indian population.
"Somewhere around 50% of tribal households have some kind of water quality situation," Runnels reported. "They either don't have water or they just don't have clean drinking water."
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By Claire Carlson for The Daily Yonder.
Broadcast version by Eric Tegethoff for Oregon News Service for the Public News Service/Daily Yonder Collaboration
A new public health clinic on the Grand Ronde reservation in rural Polk and Yamhill counties, Oregon, promises to address healthcare gaps and advance tribal sovereignty for the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. The clinic, which opened May 17, 2024, will offer preventative services like vaccines, dental care, and nutrition classes to bolster the overall wellbeing of tribal members.
Officials working for the tribe say the new clinic will help the community take care of its own. "We're making sure that we can look after our own members and not be waiting on somebody else to provide some kind of help or service or something," said Ryan Webb, the engineering and planning manager for the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, at a press tour of the new building on May 6.
The clinic will add to an already robust hospital system that offers basic and specialty care to the community, which means tribal members don't have to travel far distances (a minimum of 50 miles round trip to the nearest city) to access the majority of their healthcare needs.
Tribal members said this kind of self-reliance is nonnegotiable because of a long history of mistreatment by the federal government.
In 1857, the government forcibly removed the Tillamook people - a diverse group of Native Americans who lived up and down the Oregon coast in 29 distinct bands each with their own language - from their homelands and onto the original Grand Ronde reservation, creating the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Over 300 Native Americans were forced to walk more than 200 miles to get to the reservation, a journey that's remembered by tribal members as Grand Ronde's "Trail of Tears." Once they reached the reservation, services like healthcare and education were promised to be provided by the federal government, but tribal members say these promises were not kept.
Then, in 1954, Congress passed the Western Oregon Termination Act that ended federal recognition of 60 tribes in western Oregon, the largest number of tribes to be terminated under any single federal law. This meant that the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, along with tribes like the Coos, Coquille, Siletz, Siuslaw, and Lower Umpqua, lost every treaty right they had with the federal government.
"Everything was taken," said Cheryle Kennedy, chairwoman of the Grand Ronde tribal council and former tribal health director. "There wasn't compensation or anything. It was, 'no, you're no longer Indian, no more identity. You can't receive any Indian service and all of your land is gone.'" It was the government's way of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American culture.
The government was no longer required to offer any of the programs or resources extended to federally recognized tribes. Any property held by the tribes was taken by the government, which proved to be economically devastating, especially to the Klamath Tribes in southern Oregon who possessed valuable timberlands.
Eventually, after nearly three decades of lobbying, some Oregon tribes regained federal recognition, including the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde in 1983. Their current reservation is roughly 11,500 acres in size.
The tribe has been working to rebuild their nation since receiving federal recognition for the second time, and a thriving healthcare system has been central to this effort. The first health clinic in Grand Ronde was built in 1997, and the tribe has been expanding ever since.
Currently, tribal members can receive optometry, pharmacy, behavioral health, cardiology, opioid treatment, and naturopathy services on the reservation. Kelly Rowe, the tribe's current health director, is working to bring endocrinology, rheumatology, and nephrology services to Grand Ronde. All enrolled Grand Ronde tribal members can get free health services from the hospital.
"The whole thought behind the big clinic was to bring everything here to Grand Ronde so people could get it without having to travel," Rowe said.
The newly-built public health clinic expands the hospital's preventative health services by providing a permanent location for vaccine administration (a need the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted), dental care, and nutrition classes. It also features an outdoor fish pit where tribal members can learn how to prepare traditional meals.
The clinic was built with support from Energy Trust, a nonprofit that works with utilities, community organizations, government agencies and others to bring the benefits of energy efficiency and renewable energy to more people in Oregon, according to an Energy Trust spokesperson.
Energy Trust pointed the tribe to sustainability grants to pay for the solar panels that cover the building's roof, which the tribe said will enable them to be even more self-reliant in the face of natural disaster. If their electricity goes out, the new building will still be able to power itself, keeping vaccines that require refrigeration cool.
Along with the technical support from Energy Trust, the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde paid for the project using Covid-19 federal relief funds and tribal money.
"I think that [shows] the tribe's investment in healthcare for its people, because they're very committed to making sure that they're providing healthcare and providing as much as possible for the membership," Rowe said.
Claire Carlson wrote this article for The Daily Yonder.
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