In Pennsylvania, education advocates contended affirmative action has been a critical tool in promoting equity and addressing historical disadvantages faced by marginalized communities.

The U.S. Supreme Court's conservative majority largely overturned decades of precedent which had prompted colleges and universities to consider a prospective student's race in trying to maintain diverse campuses.

Sen. Art Haywood, D-Montgomery County, said the ruling is a major setback for affirmative action, which has been used in Pennsylvania colleges and universities to increase the number of students of color on their campuses.

"I was extremely disappointed to see that the Supreme Court would end affirmative action," Haywood emphasized. "Which is a very narrow response to 200 years of enslavement, 100 years of segregation and continuous systemic discrimination, very narrow remedy."

Haywood noted it is going to be harder for students of color to be accepted at selective colleges and universities in Pennsylvania, but he is encouraging them to continue to apply anyway. In the meantime, opponents argued it is unfair to give preferential treatment to some students based on their race or ethnicity.

Donald Guy Generals, president of the Community College of Philadelphia, said he is also disappointed in the Supreme Court's ruling, as affirmative action policies at colleges and universities in Pennsylvania have played a vital role in promoting equity and diversity in higher education.

"In terms of our students, many of them do transfer as we establish advisement and articulations with other four-year institutions," Generals explained. "We want to make sure that we send them to places that are going to be accepting of them that have a diverse environment, that believe in the issues of diversity and equity and inclusion."

Generals pointed out the expectation with this Supreme Court is the ruling may eventually seep over into employment and other areas of society.

Generals stressed affirmative action has not provided minority students with opportunities they do not deserve, as it was only one factor in the admission process. He noted other factors could also be considered for admission into Pennsylvania schools such as a student's experience in overcoming challenges such as adversity. He argued the affordability of colleges could also be a factor.

"I think colleges and universities need to find ways to open the doors through lowering the cost of tuition," Generals asserted. "I think that begins to get at issues of equity, and issues of opportunity and access for students."

Generals said the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to block the student debt relief plan by the Biden administration does not affect their students as much, because community colleges are in the business of keeping the cost of education down. He added Community College of Philadelphia has not raised tuition in seven years.

Support for this reporting was provided by Lumina Foundation.

New Mexico is taking a deep dive into its funding of public colleges and universities to determine if inequities need to be addressed. The Higher Education Sustainability Study will review and recommend changes to the formula used to fund higher ed.

Gerald Hoehne, director, Capital Outlay Division with the New Mexico Higher Education Department, said it will look at possible inequities among the full range of sectors - from colleges and universities to research institutions, independent community colleges and branch campuses.

"The differences between community colleges and research institutions - those differences have come into how they're funded. So, this study gives us an opportunity to look at that in more detail," he said.

Community colleges disproportionately serve low-income students and students of color, but New Mexico is among the majority of states where two-year institutions receive thousands of dollars less in education revenue per student enrolled than four-year institutions, according to a 2020 study by the Center for American Progress.

Hoehne expected study results to be available by mid-October ahead of the 2025 legislative session, so lawmakers have insight and can make changes they feel are needed. The Legislature earmarked $187 million for higher education in 2024 - more than double last year's investment and one of the largest investments in higher education in state history. Hoene said an initiative within the study will look at how New Mexico's funding compares to other states.

"To understand if there is different ways in which other states are addressing the different types of institutions and how we potentially may be able to incorporate any changes to our process to address those differences," he continued.

The National Center for Higher Education Management Systems is conducting the equity study on behalf of the state.

New York's 2025 budget creates universal access to the Free Application for Federal Student Aid program.

School districts statewide will have the resources to help high schoolers complete the application. Those who do not fill it out must sign a waiver stating they know of the available aid but are not pursuing it.

Sen. Andrew Gounardes, D-Sunset Park, the bill's sponsor, said FAFSA's required information can be daunting.

"Some students or some families are well-prepared and well-equipped to review that document and provide that information; some students might not be," Gounardes acknowledged. "Some students might not even know where to turn to get that information, especially if they're the first in their family to pursue college if they're the first generation here."

Some schools have moved closer to charging $100,000 a year for tuition, which Gounardes said can deter students from considering college. But through the FAFSA process, scholarships and grants can provide enough to shave the number down to a more reasonable figure. A Sallie Mae report showed college spending is up as families spend close to $28,000 each year on college.

Feedback for the proposal was positive, considering most high school seniors who complete the FAFSA are likely to go to college after graduation. Gounardes argued the state can build on the progress by reviewing admissions practices to ensure they are fair and do not exclude students from certain backgrounds.

"In particular, I think it's high time we end legacy admissions," Gounardes emphasized. "There's no reason why we should have affirmative action for privileged kids in New York state, especially from institutions that receive significant public dollars either for grants or construction or awards or this or that or whatever."

He introduced a bill ending legacy admissions, which is still in committee. Among public and private colleges in New York, 42% still consider legacy applicants for admissions.

More than 70% of adults with student loans report having delayed at least one significant life event because of their debt situation, yet a new Lumina Foundation-Gallup poll shows few Americans seem to understand the cost of obtaining a bachelor's degree.

During the 2021-22 academic year, the average cost of attendance ranged from $10,000 per year at public two-year institutions to more than $56,000 per year at private four-year nonprofit colleges.

Michele Scott Taylor, Ph.D - is president of College Now Greater Cleveland, a nonprofit that works to increase higher education accessibility.

She said for students who are potentially first-generation college goers or from lower socio-economic backgrounds, the conversations around college affordability can be overwhelming.

"The issue for that subset of the population is really around helping them understand what college costs, but then more importantly, how do I afford it?" said Taylor. "What are the ways in which that I could afford whatever that cost might be? "

The poll found that more than half of never-enrolled and previously enrolled adults say cost is a "very important" reason why they have not enrolled or re-enrolled in college.

Unenrolled adults across race, age and first-generation potential students consistently rate tuition cost as the most important factor in their decision to not pursue a college degree.

Taylor said more efforts should also go toward helping students persist and complete their degree, once they've signed up for those loans.

She said higher-education institutions could work better with college access organizations to communicate their programs and offerings in ways that are enticing to get students to want to enroll.

"We want them to show better their return on investment," said Taylor. "We want them to be a little bit more transparent about the cost and what the costs entail."

Data from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center shows that in the 2022-2023 academic year, the number of undergraduate degree earners nationwide fell for the second year in a row.

Support for this reporting was provided by Lumina Foundation.




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