Texas is the epicenter of the U.S. immigration debate, and now faces a lawsuit over plans to jail those whose enter the state illegally.
The U.S. Department of Justice sued Texas last week over a new state law that allows state police to arrest migrants suspected of crossing the Texas-Mexico border without authorization.
The federal action follows a similar lawsuit filed by three other groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union of Texas.
ACLU of Texas Senior Staff Attorney David Donatti said he believes regardless of citizenship, communities of color - including Latino, Black and Asian American - are already affected by the state's anti-immigrant rhetoric.
"The new laws are a dramatic escalation, even beyond what we have already seen in the state of Texas," said Donatti. "And so, Texas communities, rightfully, are very afraid."
The federal action is meant to prevent Texas from implementing the new law on March 5.
The Department of Justice argues it violates the U.S. Constitution, because only Congress has authority over immigration enforcement.
The new law would mean up to six months in jail - and repeat offenders could face a second-degree felony charge, with punishment of two to 20 years in prison.
Donatti said it's unfortunate the immigration issue has become politicized. He said he believes the conversation should be about why so many people are trying to enter the U.S, at the border in the first place.
"Why is it that people feel compelled to leave their homes, to take their families on treacherous journeys, to fight for their survival?" said Donatti. "And nothing in this bill addresses the human needs that these individuals face, or materially improves the circumstances that we Texans face."
In a second lawsuit filed last week, the New York City Mayor sued 17 Texas charter bus companies that have driven thousands of migrants from Texas to the Big Apple.
That suit seeks more than $700 million to cover the costs of caring for migrants transported to the city.
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One New Yorker is redoubling efforts to get a pardon from Gov. Kathy Hochul.
Pascal "Shakoure" Charpentier has called New York his home for 52 years after being born on an Army base in Germany but Immigration and Customs Enforcement is trying to deport him for being a Haitian immigrant -- which he isn't -- citing a criminal conviction from his youth. Charpentier worries about President-elect Donald Trump's mass deportation plan, which he said would threaten people like himself with complicated immigration status.
"It's very difficult to imagine what day-to-day life would be like when you're constantly worrying if there's going to be a van in front of your house," Charpentier pointed out. "Am I going to be stopped at my workplace and asked to come out and then, find myself in handcuffs?"
Polls show half of Americans support the mass deportation plan despite the economic impacts it would have. Charpentier has presented evidence proving his naturalized status but prosecutors dismiss it. He added there has not been an official reason to deny the pardon and suspects politics are at play. He said he is holding out hope a pardon could still be granted.
After being released from a New Jersey detention center in 2020, he had to wear an ankle monitor. Now, he wears a wrist monitor, which Charpentier emphasized greatly impacts his daily life. He often meets with clients in his work as an interactive media designer, noting it is hard to keep the order of deportation from affecting his career.
"Sometimes I may be in a meeting with a client and my ankle monitor goes off, or I'm called in to report for a check-in," Charpentier explained. "Many times it is very inflexible."
The first time he was detained, he said he lost a significant number of clients. Following his release, he had to rebuild and restart. But as draining as it can be, he added it empowers him to continue.
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With 2025 almost here, organizations assisting Minnesota's Latino populations say they're laser focused on a couple of areas - mental health-care access and securing temporary protections to those fleeing violence in Ecuador.
Communities Organizing Latino Power and Action, or COPAL, says the two issues can overlap.
Federal officials face increasing pressure to grant Temporary Protected Status to Ecuadorians residing in Minnesota and other states. TPS allows these individuals to work in the U.S. on a short-term basis.
The Coordinator for COPAL's Workers' Center, Claudia Lainez, said not everyone qualifies for asylum status - but added that there's the same level of desire to fill labor shortages.
"We have a lot of workers that are ready to take some of these jobs," said Lainez, "but they don't have the proper documentation to do so."
Ecuador isn't on the list of countries with TPS designation. Calls for urgency grow with the likelihood of a mass deportation plan under the incoming Trump administration.
Critics of the program say it has stretched beyond its original mission.
Meanwhile, COPAL is working with local partners to overcome language barriers for Latinos needing health care, including those still feeling past trauma from their native country.
Cecilia Calabria is COPAL's health promoter manager - and she said overall, access to health insurance and care can be hard for Latinos because of those language barriers and trust issues about reaching out.
For mental health care, she said the language problem is very noticeable.
"Mental health is not something that you can do with an interpreter," said Calabria. "You really need to do it in your own language, in the way you can express."
Calabria added that there's mental health stigma within the Latino community, and for chronic health needs, there's an information gap in seeking preventive care.
She said that often stems from the landscape in the countries they immigrated from.
COPAL's health navigators link these populations with resources.
Starting in 2025, Minnesota will allow undocumented individuals to apply for certain forms of state health coverage aid, so long as they meet various requirements.
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This holiday season, a nonprofit campaign is asking Americans to write holiday cards to welcome newly arrived refugee families.
The 10th annual "Hope for the Holidays" campaign is spearheaded by Global Refuge, a charity founded in 1939, previously named Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service.
Krish O'Mara Vignarajah, president and CEO of Global Refuge, explained the program's mission.
"It is an important reminder, during the holiday season -- as we recognize that Jesus was a refugee -- that America is a nation of immigrants," Vignarajah emphasized. "That for so many faiths, welcoming the stranger is a part of our religions. It's a way to show a token of support and hope."
Global Refuge resettles about 20,000 legal refugees immigrating to the U.S. each year, including 7,600 in California. The families are fleeing conflict in places like Ukraine and Afghanistan. Vignarajah noted they often spend years in camps and undergo extreme vetting before the federal government grants them asylum.
Despite the flood of anti-immigrant rhetoric during the presidential campaign, Vignarajah hopes the incoming Trump administration takes a cue from Ronald Reagan on refugee policy.
"President Reagan resettled 600,000 refugees during his presidency," Vignarajah pointed out. "And unfortunately, during the prior administration, the refugee program was cut significantly. Our hope is that we don't see that happen in the new year, because there are obviously families who are fleeing for their lives."
The card-writing effort is headquartered at Ascension Lutheran Church in Thousand Oaks, north of Los Angeles. Donations are used to buy toys, school supplies and basic necessities for newly arrived families.
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