Good news for fishing crews and marine conservationists: Large fishing grounds are reopening, while other areas receive new protections.

Some 4,500 miles of ocean fishing grounds off Southern California are now open to recreational and commercial fishing for bottom-dwelling species, and 428 miles of coral and sponge habitat are closed.

Geoff Shester, California campaign director and senior scientist for the nonprofit Oceana, said his organization has spent years mapping the seafloor, discovering colorful coral beds he said are "right out of a Dr. Seuss book."

"These areas have some of the richest gardens of underwater deep-sea corals and sponges anywhere," Shester reported. "We wanted to make sure that these areas had special protection, so that no bottom-contact fishing can damage some of these really sensitive 'redwoods of the deep sea.'"

The fishing grounds in question had been closed for 20 years to protect a species known as the cowcod rockfish, which has recovered from previous overfishing. The entire area is still closed to bottom trawling but the hook-and-line method and groundfish bottom longlines and traps are now permitted.

The areas now reopening include prime fishing grounds off San Diego. The eight areas to be newly protected are near the Channel Islands and far offshore seamounts, 100 miles from the coast.

Shester pointed out Oceana collaborated with commercial fishing groups and the State Department of Fish and Wildlife to determine the areas most worthy of extra protection.

"They went into place without opposition, because it was done in a thoughtful way where there were compromises made and we brought data and science forward," Shester recounted. "It's an example of how fishing and conservation groups can work together to support the shared goals of healthy fishing, as well as protecting seafloor habitats."

Deep-sea corals and sponges are a crucial part of the marine ecosystem, sheltering many species from predators and serving as feeding areas and nurseries. They are among the most long-lived creatures in the ocean.

A new marine national monument in the Atlantic Ocean aims to protect one of the most biodiverse spots on the planet from overfishing.

Located 130 miles off Cape Cod, the area spans more than 3 million acres and is part of the Biden administration's plan to conserve at least 30% of U.S. lands and waters by 2030.

Keith Shannon, Northeast chief of public affairs for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, called the monument a "living laboratory" of pristine ocean habitat.

"Dolphins, multiple whale species and sea turtles and seabirds," Shannon outlined. "It's considered the Serengeti of the sea. There's so much wildlife out there."

Officially called the Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument, Shannon said it contains areas deeper than the Grand Canyon and taller than the Rocky Mountains, and will be safeguarded for years to come.

Debate over how to manage this vast marine environment has been ongoing. Former President Donald Trump lifted restrictions on commercial fishing in the monument area in 2020. The Biden administration reestablished protections one year later, in a move praised by environmental groups and condemned by fishermen, who said it would put more people out of work.

Shannon pointed out the new monument management plan helps ensure the unique area is protected from the harms of overfishing while the larger ocean ecosystem benefits.

"That should allow for species that are fished to come into the monument waters, breed and create more species in the areas outside the monument," Shannon explained.

The monument contains an abundance of phytoplankton, fish, squid and shrimp that serve as vital links in the marine food chain. New federal data show while some recent progress has been made in rebuilding fish stock in U.S. waters, nearly 50 species including Atlantic cod and mackerel remain overfished.

The public comment period is now open on California's new framework for deciding which managed areas within coastal waters meet the definition of "conserved," and where protection improvements need to be made.

California's goal is to preserve 30% of state lands and waters by 2030. The Ocean Protection Council released science-based guidelines this week on what counts as "conserved."

"An area is considered a conservation area if the lands and coastal waters are durably protected and managed to sustain functional ecosystems, both intact and restored, and the diversity of life that they support," said Jos Hill, project director at the Pew Charitable Trusts.

People can weigh in on the process at a series of upcoming workshops in Arcata, Monterey and San Diego. The Ocean Protection Council will also hold two webinars this summer and will accept feedback by email.

Hill said the new framework will be used by the state to evaluate protections in marine-managed areas. The state's "30-by-30" policy sets goals to improve biodiversity, public access and climate resilience.

"The stakes of failing to protect nature are high, and the loss of biodiversity undermines the ability of ecosystems to function and support a healthy environment," Hill said. "And this is particularly important in a changing climate, in which loss of biodiversity reduces nature's resilience to change."

The evaluation criteria will be finalized in the fall and the preliminary decision on which places qualify as conservation areas will be presented in December.

Support for this reporting was provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts.

Groups in Connecticut are preparing to celebrate World Fish Migration Day on Friday.

The biennial event celebrates migratory fish species and their importance. It also highlights challenges these species face, such as climate change. Warming waters make it harder for them to survive.

Rhea Drozdenko, a river steward with the Connecticut River Conservancy, noted that planting trees on river banks can reduce water temperatures. She said dams also pose a challenge for fish.

"They are essentially blocking off a river," she said, "so fish that might have historically been able to go far north, up through our watershed, now that there's dams there, they are now blocked. And so, now they have smaller and smaller habitats at their disposal."

She said conservation groups advocate for safer passage with fish ladders and fish elevators at the dams. Another way is removing so-called "deadbeat dams" that no longer serve an economic use and impede fish migration.

More information about events and getting involved is online at worldfishmigrationday.com.

Habitat neglect is another problem for migratory fish species. Steve Gephard, a Connecticut River Salmon Association board member, said he has found that if the habitat isn't suitable, migratory fish won't prosper. He said work is being done to restore important habitat areas.

"In some cases, it means putting rocks back in, putting woody debris back in, revegetating the flood plain, putting some curvature in the stream," he said. "A lot of streams, as they've gone through human areas, have been channelized."

Some habitats get degraded through industrialization and by clear-cutting forests. Data show hundreds of miles of fish passageway reopened between 1999 and 2018. If pathways for fish migration open up by removing dams, Gephard said, environmental groups have to ensure healthy habitat is there for these fish to return to.