National Rivers Month comes to an end this week and conservation groups said it is a reminder more action is needed to protect Idaho's rivers.

The state is home to more than 107,000 miles of river, providing drinking water, hydropower, tourism and recreational opportunities like rafting and angling.

Stephen Pfieffer, conservation associate for Idaho Rivers United, said only a small portion of the state's river miles have the strongest type of federal protections.

"Only 1% of the rivers here in Idaho are protected via Wild and Scenic River designations," Pfieffer pointed out. "There's a lot of opportunities to give more stretches of river, that people like to recreate on or might rely on, protections that they deserve."

Idaho is home to two of the eight rivers originally protected by the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968: the Middle Fork of the Clearwater River and the Middle Fork of the Salmon River. About 890 miles of river in Idaho are protected under the designation today.

The Snake River also flows through Idaho. The Biden administration has been studying four dams on the lower part of the Snake River in eastern Washington and their effect on fish populations migrating to and from Idaho. Last week, the administration announced the Columbia Basin Task Force to further examine the impact of those dams. Pfieffer said salmon and steelhead numbers are dwindling because of the dams.

"It all boils down to the fact that our wild salmon and steelhead don't have much time," Pfieffer emphasized. "But if we take these actions now we can get them to a place where populations can stabilize, and are in fact recovering, in the event of dam removal."

Supporters of the dams said they provide hydropower to the region, as well as enabling other uses for the river, like barging and irrigation.

Pfieffer added National Rivers Month is not only about threats to rivers, it is about enjoying what they offer.

"Idaho has so many amazing stretches of river and there might be an amazing stretch right in your backyard that's just waiting to be explored," Pfieffer observed.


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Lead contamination in drinking water continues to be a significant concern in Ohio.

With new federal regulations to tackle the issue, local water utilities are accelerating their efforts to replace aging infrastructure.

Kevin Kappers, lead program manager for the Greater Cincinnati Water Works, explained what the changes mean.

"How EPA regulates lead and copper in drinking water changed, so all utilities are reacting to make sure they stay in compliance," Kappers pointed out. "We have already had a lead service line replacement program since 2018, but what that means for us is, we're accelerating that."

Federal Lead and Copper Rule Improvements mandate replacing lead service lines within the next decade. But concerns remain about funding and logistic challenges, especially for smaller Ohio communities with fewer resources to comply with these changes.

Alicia Smith, executive director of the Junction Coalition in Toledo, and other advocates stressed the importance of communication and transparency about lead contamination between cities and their residents.

"You have to tell families what and how this impacts their lives. If you don't do that, then no one's doing it right," Smith argued. "The intersectionality of infrastructure impacts public health, public safety and public awareness, for the benefit of environmental and economic justice."

Maureen Cunningham, chief strategy officer and director of water at the Environmental Policy Innovation Center, emphasized the hazards of lead in water systems.

"Lead is a neurotoxin; there's basically no safe level of lead in drinking water for human health," Cunningham noted. "Replacing lead service lines, and replacing all lead in our water systems, will significantly reduce and hopefully even eliminate the threat of lead in drinking water."

Jeff Swertfeger, superintendent of water quality and treatment for the Greater Cincinnati Water Works, stressed the importance of public participation in updating the systems.

"Participation by the people who own those houses that may have lead lines is really important, to get cooperation in order to get those lines out," Swertfeger explained. "A lot of our pipes are over 100 years old. There's a lot of needs in drinking water now, besides just lead."

Nationally, $15 billion in federal funding is available for lead line replacements.

Some one million cattle confined in Colorado factory feedlots produce 24 billion pounds of manure each year.

That's four times the amount of feces produced by humans in the state, according to Food and Water Watch's latest map.

Untreated manure contains a number of pollutants, and is prime breeding habitat for harmful bacteria - including E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella.

Amanda Starbuck, research director with the watchdog group, said that much manure can pose serious risks to drinking water.

"These feedlots operate as sewer-less cities, essentially," said Starbuck. "They produce a ton of manure, but this manure is oftentimes not treated before being released into the environment, spread on nearby fields."

Colorado ranks fourth nationally for the number of beef cattle on factory feedlots, where animals are fattened up before being delivered to slaughterhouses.

Defenders of the practice argue large-scale operations bring jobs and other economic benefits to rural economies, and help feed the nation.

Two decades ago, the average Colorado feedlot held 7,000 cattle. But by 2022, as corporations acquired more family-scale operations, that number increased to an average of 13,000 cattle.

Starbuck said money generated by these facilities doesn't necessarily benefit the local economy.

"Factory farms are not job creators, they are job destroyers," said Starbuck. "So if you really care about jobs, you need to be supporting your local farmer. We need to support smaller processing and slaughtering facilities for these farmers. Because right now that money just gets sucked out of the local economy."

Starbuck noted that if feeding the nation was the goal, growing corn and hay for cattle to produce meat is far less efficient than simply growing food to feed people.

"Ninety-nine percent of the corn we grow in the U.S. goes into animal feed, and into ethanol, and into food additives," said Starbuck. "So the food system is not about feeding people, it's really about increasing the profits for these multi-national corporations."




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During President Joe Biden's final weeks in office, the Interior Department has announced $41 million in support of water resources and ecosystem health, including two projects in Montana.

The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law will fund work to restore irrigation channels in two Western Montana watersheds.

Chris Edgington, Jefferson watershed project manager for Montana Trout Unlimited, one of the partner groups, called federal funding "critical" to support conservation work, which also benefits agricultural producers.

"We're working with a landowner who voluntarily gives water back to the river for fish," Edgington explained. "It's a great partnership and a 'win-win' project."

More than $1 million will help restore nearly 8,000 feet of side channel and critical trout habitat along the Jefferson River and $1.3 million more will restore nearly 11,000 feet of stream bank and five acres of flood plains on Flint Creek.

Tess Scanlon, project manager for Trout Unlimited, who will oversee the Flint Creek project, said riparian habitat and water quality have degraded due to historical mining, grazing, road-building and other land uses. The effects are extensive, she added.

"Different land use practices have reduced vegetation along the stream banks," Scanlon pointed out. "Which, of course, then impacts habitat quality, has degraded in-stream channel conditions for fish, and has a lot of long term-impacts on stream bank erosion, which affects downstream water quality."

Scanlon noted the solution means rebuilding habitat and stabilizing stream banks with plantings and natural materials, and building fencing and off-stream stock water sources to protect the water and help livestock managers.


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