Iowa has thousands fewer square miles than Nebraska but it has almost 3,000 more concentrated animal feeding operations.

Opponents of the giant facilities argue there are enough. The increase in large operations nationwide has fueled opposition from nearby residents, along with environmental and animal rights groups. In Iowa, one grassroots group has prevented around 100 from being built.

Barb Kalbach, president of Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement, attributed Iowa's dismal water quality in large part to runoff from animal waste, applied to farm fields along with commercial fertilizer. Kalbach thinks rural Nebraska communities should also oppose such developments.

"That manure has to go somewhere," Kalbach pointed out. "It's not a question of, 'Well, should I, or I shouldn't I, put it on the ground,' you know? It's got to go. They've got to empty the pit, and so it's going to go. And if you have any kind of water issues whatsoever, people need to organize immediately."

The Environmental Protection Agency calls animal manure "a primary source of nitrogen and phosphorus to surface and groundwater." Roughly 20% of public water supplies and private wells in Nebraska test above recommended nitrate and nitrogen levels.

Jonathan Leo, an environmental and land-use attorney in Lincoln, said confined animal feeding operation owners usually contract with local farmers to use the animal waste. He noted for the largest operations, the massive amount of waste makes a methane digester system imperative.

"It breaks down manure into methane, which is a major greenhouse gas, for sale as an energy source to third parties," Leo explained. "And digestate, which is sold to off-site farmers as a nutrient additive to soil."

Leo and others helped residents of a small Nebraska town prevent development of a large operation by an Iowa producer, for more than 6,000 head of swine. Leo pointed out many who opposed it were farmers themselves.

"We worked with them about how to organize and understand their county's ordinance, with respect to CAFO permitting," Leo recounted. "And they appeared before their county board and their planning commission in a way that their own supervisors said, 'We've never seen this kind of citizen activism before.'"

The defeated operation would have been about a half-mile uphill from a stream which feeds a state recreation area lake used for swimming, boating and fishing. As a result of a lawsuit by Food and Water Watch, the EPA has agreed to begin studying the polluting effects of confined animal feeding operations, after years of being urged to do so.

A summer of fires, floods and extreme heat have prompted a series of climate change town halls in New Mexico this month, ahead of the 2025 legislative session.

Camilla Feibelman, director of the Rio Grande Chapter of the Sierra Club, said the meetings will engage with communities. She explained the idea is to make sure they know about federal, state and utility incentives helping people weatherize homes, increase the efficiency of appliances, install solar panels and purchase electric vehicles.

"At the same time, wanting to know from people what could our transition look like?," Feibelman pointed out. "What are the kinds of jobs that people could have; what kind of legislation they'd like us to work on in this next 60 days."

The first town hall is Aug. 8 in Albuquerque, followed by others in Las Cruces, Taos and Santa Fe. New Mexico state legislators will be on hand for each of the sessions, which begin at 5:30 p.m.

Feibelman acknowledged New Mexico has done a lot of work to address climate change, including clean car rules, solar credits and energy-efficient building codes. There are also new laws to reduce methane and smog from oil and gas production. But as she noted, it remains a complex problem.

"Because the Permian oil boom is so big and so profound, it's like the goal post is getting pushed out," Feibelman stressed. "If we were to truly reduce our emissions in the way that a crisis like this demands, we're going to have to really take comprehensive action."

She added those people who have long depended on jobs in the fossil fuel industry must also have a sustainable path forward as the climate crisis is addressed. Feibelman sees the town halls as a good opportunity for people to learn the vast impacts of climate change, including how it worsens their allergies.

"We want people to feel like they're coming away from these town halls with some small steps they can take at home," Feibelman emphasized. "And some more comprehensive ways they can get involved in the decision-making and legislative process."

New Mexico residents have long been happy about having fewer mosquitoes than many states, but climate change has unexpectedly brought a new variety to Albuquerque, making it difficult to be outside during summer months.

A Pennsylvania city is using funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to increase safety, prevent crime, improve housing and more.

Matt Tuerk, mayor of Allentown, said the city's efforts are focused on where residents are asking his office for solutions. Allentown is enhancing infrastructure investments and utilizing funds from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act to support local projects and programs.

"We were very happy to launch technology called Flock Safety Raven, which is a gunshot-detection technology and license-plate reader system that has helped us advance reductions in violent crime in Allentown," Tuerk pointed out.

As part of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, Pennsylvania is expected to receive about $13.2 billion in federal funding for highways and bridges over five years.

Tuerk noted congressionally-directed spending, led by Sen. Bob Casey, D-Penn., and Rep. Susan Wild, D-Penn., with support from Sen. John Fetterman, D-Penn., resulted in investments to improve roadway safety and pedestrian infrastructure around schools.

"Pedestrian safety and roadway safety is one of those things that affects everybody in the city," Tuerk emphasized. "If we can create safer roads and streets we believe we can create healthier outcomes for all of our residents and improve quality of life in our neighborhoods."

He added they invested American Rescue Plan Act funds into affordable housing projects in the Sixth Street corridor. They hope to leverage the findings from the safety action plan to improve roadway safety in the neighborhood.


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Climate change is forcing hard conversations about the importance of old-growth forests but in New Mexico, many say future generations must know the threat and what can be done.

Old-growth forests soak up about 10% of the country's carbon emissions and act as a container for clean water and wildlife.

Daniel Denipah, forestry director for the Santa Clara Pueblo, said the U.S. Forest Service's proposed 130,000-acre Encino Vista Landscape Restoration Project is a priority for the Rio Chama Collaborative. He applauded funding from the Inflation Reduction Act and other directives.

"We know that things are changing rapidly, and some of those trees could possibly be lost, whether it's through wildfire or extended drought," Denipah pointed out. "But also the funding that comes along to do some of these treatments and protect those areas."

The U.S. Forest Service is pursuing a nationwide initiative to elevate the National Old-Growth Amendment and is accepting public comments through Sept. 20.

Zander Evans, executive director of the Forest Stewards Guild, said fires and other climate-related events have created an urgency to use adaptive strategies and treatments to preserve old-growth forests where trees have greater resilience to wildfire.

"They have very thick bark that protects them as flames come through," Evans pointed out. "The same sorts of treatments that promote the growth of these old trees in ponderosa pine ecosystems are also more fire resilient."

Denipah added massive logging combined with climate-change induced forest fires means New Mexico's oldest trees tend to be sparse and scattered across the state. He noted Indigenous peoples have always advocated proper stewardship.

"Making sure that we have those healthier, older stands that are out there. They tell us stories, just like the elderly do within the tribe," Denipah explained. "You can probably view it that way, as far as they have their own story to tell as to what they've been through."

Nationwide, between 2000 and 2020, 700,000 acres of old-growth forest was lost to wildfires.

Support for this reporting was provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts.


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