By Kylie Marsh for the Charlotte Post, with support from the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.
Broadcast version by Shanteya Hudson for North Carolina News Service reporting for the Charlotte Post-Public News Service Collaboration.
Tomeka Isaac was 35 weeks pregnant in 2018 when she suddenly fainted.
At the emergency room, Isaac and her husband were told that their son, Jace, died in utero. Without time to process, Isaac was also informed that she had HELLP syndrome (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelet) with no further explanation and transferred to an emergency room to be induced.
Bereaved, Isaac investigated her medical records to determine how the baby died and whether it was preventable.
At 40, Isaac was at a heightened predisposition for preeclampsia, or high blood pressure during pregnancy. A 2021 report by the American Journal of Public Health found that Black women were five times more likely to die from heart and blood pressure-related conditions than white women, according to data between 2016-17. The report also found pregnant and postpartum Black women were two times more likely than white women to die of severe bleeding or vessel blockages.
“I checked all the boxes that they say is a cause of maternal death or stillbirth,” Isaac said. “I went to all my appointments, I had access to all other resources that I thought I needed, I had Blue Cross Blue Shield, I was going to a provider that I had been going to for years.” Isaac explained that she isn’t the typical victim of Black perinatal mortality. “When you check all those boxes, we still have a disparity.”
Never during Isaac’s pregnancy was a urine sample collected, and she has no idea why. If it were, doctors would have been able to detect preeclampsia much earlier.
Isaac’s experience is only one example of medical mistreatment or neglect women of color face at exponential rates in North Carolina.
Alexis Garrett knew she was considered a “high-risk” pregnancy because she was overweight and over 35 years old when her son Maui was born in 2020. She was referred to a “high-risk clinic,” Novant Maternal Fetal Medicine.
Garrett is acutely aware of the stigma placed against women like her in healthcare settings. She’d witnessed friends, cousins and acquaintances lose their lives or their babies due to birthing complications in hospitals.
“I try to limit my interactions with the healthcare system,” Garrett said. “I’ve always been kind of leery about it. As I grew older, you know, you hear the whispers and, oh somebody died here and somebody died there,” Garrett said. “[Providers] think we’re faking our pain, or have a higher pain tolerance,” she said. “For this reason alone, we are so unprotected and so unheard.”
One of Garrett’s friends, who also gave birth on the same day Maui was born, ended up losing her baby. Garrett delivered Maui vaginally at 26 weeks.
At a rate of 14%, Black infants are twice as likely to be born weighing less than 5.5 pounds than white infants (7%); the highest rate of any ethnicity. Similarly, the rate of premature births for Black infants, 14.6%, is the highest for premature birth rates, which can also contribute to low birthweight.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health reports that Black women have the highest rates of obesity compared to other groups in the United States, and that about 4 out of 5 Black women are overweight or obese. Last year, the Brookings Institute published research analyzing the distribution of grocery stores in several large U.S. cities. Grocery stores are less likely in Black-majority neighborhoods, regardless of the average household income of those communities. Feeding America reports that 1 in 5 Black people in America were food insecure in 2021, Black families’ poverty rate of 17.1% was higher than compared to the nationwide rate of 11.5%.
With a comprehensive view of the prevalence of these health conditions in the Black community, one can get a clearer picture of the source of the poor treatment, and poorer health outcomes, for Black mothers and their babies.
When having her daughter Hiro in 2021, Garrett was dealing with even more stress due to the murder of her partner, Horace McCorey. There are many stressors of daily life that have serious physiological health impacts on Black birthing people.
Author and doula Sabia Wade wrote about the effects of “weathering,” or the impact of stressors, in the 2023 book “Birthing Liberation: How Reproductive Justice Can Set Us Free.” For example, Wade reports the heightened frequency of Black people’s involvement with the criminal justice system, including deadly interactions, and high rates of unemployment especially following the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.
A 2023 report from the United States Department of Justice states that an estimated 1 in 19 Black adult U.S. residents was under correctional supervision in 2021.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that unemployment amongst Black adults was 11.4%, despite the average rate (among all demographics) of 8.1% in 2020.
“We don’t know if these people have hoods on when they treat us,” Garrett said, alluding to traditional headwear of Ku Klux Klan members.
Garrett’s second pregnancy presented just as much difficulty. At a routine checkup for her daughter Hiro, Garrett was again pressured for a Cesarean section.
“At this point, I was getting an attitude,” she said. “There [weren’t] any measures being taken to try to get this baby from being born early.”
Garrett had been informed she had a “low cervix,” also sometimes called an insufficient cervix, which can also lead to premature birth. Her friend was given a cervical stitch, also known as a cerclage.
“I’m literally telling them ‘You will not make me have this baby. I will not be bullied into having this baby.’”
Eventually, Hiro’s heart rate dropped to dangerous levels, and Garrett started passing clots. The baby was delivered by emergency C-section at 23 weeks.
After delivering, Hiro was whisked away to the NICU. Garrett also noticed that little Hiro had a large scar on her back, and one around her arm. Garrett was told that the scar around her daughter’s arm was possibly from the umbilical cord being wrapped around it, and the scar on her back was from a bacterial infection from her placenta. Garrett is distrustful and feels completely dismissed.
“Every question I ask, I’m getting deflective answers,” she said. “The scar looks like a third-degree burn. Somebody screwed up.”
To make things worse, when Garrett complained about the scar, a doctor suggested plastic surgery.
Thirty-six hours after her c-section, the hospital’s wound team informed Garrett her skin was necrotizing: a fast-spreading bacterial infection that causes tissue death. However, the no one explain what necrotizing meant as she spent 38 days in the hospital recovering before leaving “half-dead” with a walker.
“I have to live with these scars,” Garrett said.
Earlier this year, the North Carolina Maternal Mortality Review Committee reported that bias and discrimination contribute to traumatic and near-death experiences. It can manifest in terms of race or ethnicity, weight, geography, substance use, history of incarceration and other factors.
For example, Black neighborhoods are targeted by the tobacco industry more than other ethnic groups, according to the American Lung Association. In 2017, Reuters reported that poor Black neighborhoods tend to have a higher proportion of smoke shops per capita than other neighborhoods. Smoking can increase the rate of premature births and low birthweight. Similarly, higher density of liquor stores has been found in Black neighborhoods.
The American Heart Association reports that approximately 60% of Black women aged 20 and older have a cardiovascular disease, and 60% have high blood pressure. Factors leading to these conditions include family history, being overweight, diabetes, smoking and high cholesterol.
In 2022, the incarceration rate for Black women was 64 per 100,000, 1.6 times the rate for white women, according to The Sentencing Project, a non-profit that advocates to minimize incarceration in the U.S. North Carolina has a “habitual felon” statute in which any person convicted three times can be given harsher sentencing.
Heightened stress and anxiety, poor mental health, chronic conditions, financial burden, and strained relationships among incarcerated people and impoverished communities can adversely affect birth outcomes.
A study by the University of Pennsylvania found states that implemented three-strike laws like North Carolina saw immediate worsening of birth outcomes among Black infants, especially those from poor backgrounds. Those effects didn’t impact white infants.
Kylie Marsh wrote this article for the Charlotte Post.
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A recent poll shows widespread concern among Missourians about the future of birth control access.
The survey from the Right Time Initiative reveals almost 40% fear birth control will become harder or even impossible to obtain. Some medical industry experts believe the uncertainty is fueled by a lack of access to future Title X funds, which provide affordable family planning services to thousands in the Show Me State.
In an unprecedented move, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has withheld funding from several grantees.
Michelle Trupiano, executive director of the Missouri Family Health Council, said her organization is one of them.
"I think this polling shows what Missourians already know," Trupiano asserted. "Both the state and the federal government are doing everything they can to make it harder for people to access care."
Missouri Family Health Council has led the Title X program in the state since 1981 and in Oklahoma since 2023, serving nearly 44,000 people in 2024. Both states are set to lose more than $8 million in Title X funding.
Trupiano noted her organization is always communicating with policymakers to ensure they are aligned with what voters and constituents want and argued the survey shows the will of the people, across party lines.
"What this polling shows is that an overwhelming percentage of Missourians, over 80%, believe that birth control is something that everybody should have access to," Trupiano pointed out. "They want their lawmakers to actually do more to support access."
Although a total restriction on birth control is not widely supported, there is stronger opposition to methods like Plan B and IUDs, compared to more common methods such as condoms or regular birth control pills.
Disclosure: The Missouri Foundation for Health contributes to our fund for reporting on Gun Violence Prevention, Health Issues, Philanthropy, and Reproductive Health. If you would like to help support news in the public interest,
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Today marks the last day of Black Maternal Health Week, a nationally and internationally recognized observance that serves to build community collaboration around addressing the maternal health statistics for Black women.
Black women in the U.S. are more than three times more likely to die of a pregnancy-related cause than white women and are more than two times more likely to experience complications that negatively impact their health. The majority of them are preventable.
The weeklong campaign that serves to highlight these disparities was founded in 2018 by the Black Mamas Matter Alliance. Its executive director, Angela Aina, said while there have been great strides since the launch, more attention needs to be paid to the root causes of maternal morbidity and mortality.
"It really does point to how pervasive and how systemic and structural gendered racism and obstetric violence is very, very much seeped in our systems," she explained.
The rate of adverse outcomes for Black women in Wisconsin have increased significantly in the past decade. Across the state, they are more than 1.5 times more likely to experience adverse outcomes, and more than twice as likely to experience a pregnancy-related death.
In 2023, the overall maternal mortality rate in the U.S. decreased while rates for Black women slightly increased. The outcomes also impact infant health, with babies born to Black, American Indian and Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander women experiencing an increased mortality rates than those born to white people.
Aina said while Black Maternal Health Week amplifies the lived experiences of Black women, it does not exclude others.
"We want to see a change for those most impacted, those most vulnerable, those most at risk of these issues and these challenges - and that when we address it, has a ripple and domino effect for everybody else," she insisted.
Aina said such structural issues as housing, economics and maternity-care 'deserts' all play a role, and emphasized the need to increase midwifery care, the number of birth centers, and funding to community-based organizations to positively affect Black maternal-health outcomes.
"To really understand and value the lives of Black people, and the lives of Black women in particular, the lives of us all," she explained, "and the fact that we are all deserving of quality, comprehensive maternal and reproductive health care."
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By Jade Prévost-Manuel for Yes! Media.
Broadcast version by Farah Siddiqi for Ohio News Connection reporting for the Yes! Media-Public News Service Collaboration
Taylor Young has never wanted to be a mom. From the time the now 27-year-old began dating, she experienced persistent anxiety around the thought of getting pregnant in Ohio, a Republican-controlled state where Young felt her right to abortion was tenuous.
In 2018, she discovered the childfree subreddit, an online forum on Reddit for people who do not have children and do not want them. In that forum, she learned about bilateral salpingectomy, a procedure that removes both fallopian tubes and permanently prevents pregnancy.
"I was 19 or 20, and I knew I probably wouldn't be able to get it," says Young, who didn't meet the minimum age requirement to have a Medicaid-funded sterilization procedure at the time. "But it was something that was kind of in my back pocket."
In 2022, when a document suggesting the U.S. Supreme Court was likely going to overturn Roe v. Wade was leaked, Young, who now met the minimum age requirement, immediately made an appointment with her gynecologist for a bilateral salpingectomy.
After observing the mandatory one-month waiting period, Young received the procedure. "[I had felt like] an animal in a trap," she says. "But when I woke up from that surgery, it was just ... indescribable peace."
Young is one of many people of reproductive age whose health care decisions have been influenced by the overturning of Roe v. Wade, the fundamental ruling protecting the right to abortion in the United States.
In the years since, the rate of permanent sterilization procedures for people between 18 and 30 has jumped, particularly among female-born people. During the 2024 election, abortion rights were a key ballot issue and several states, including Maryland and Colorado, enshrined the right to abortion into their state constitutions.
Political promises to legalize abortion-a critical issue, but one topic in the much larger ecosystem of reproductive health care-have overlooked some of the discussions the country must have to improve reproductive rights for the millions of reproducing people in America. When we take a closer look at the quality of reproductive health care that most people receive, it's clear that simply restoring Roe v. Wade isn't enough.
"The populations with the best reproductive health care outcomes ... have all of [their] basic and human life needs met," says Dr. Regina Davis Moss, president and CEO of In Our Own Voice: National Black Women's Reproductive Justice Agenda, a group that amplifies Black voices to advocate for reproductive equity. "That is why we have some of the worst outcomes when we compare ourselves to other industrialized countries."
Pregnant people in the United States are more likely to die during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum than any other high-income nation, even though more than 80% of maternal deaths are preventable. The maternal death rate is double for Black women, who statistically are less likely to have access to high-quality medical care. On average, giving birth in the U.S. can cost more than $18,500.
Cost is a leading prohibitive factor for those who most need to access birth control, abortion, and other reproductive health care. But there are legal barriers to subsidizing reproductive health care services-such as the Hyde Amendment, which bans the use of federal funds for abortion with few exceptions-and in many counties, no one to provide them. An estimated one-third of American counties, for example, do not have a single birthing facility or obstetric clinician to deliver maternal care.
So, what might reproductive health care look like in a reimagined America that puts equity first? There's already a framework for it: reproductive justice, a critical feminist framework that advocates for the right to have children, the right not to have them, and the right to raise children in a safe environment.
A Quest for Overall Well-Being
In 1994, a group of Black women activists coined the term "reproductive justice" to achieve, as Loretta J. Ross writes, "the complete physical, mental, spiritual, political, social, and economic well-being of women and girls, based on the full achievement and protection of women's human rights."
While reproductive justice promotes equitable reproductive health care for everyone, the idea was born out of the struggles that people of color-particularly Black women-have faced in the United States since slavery, when they were forced to bear children to work on plantations.
The framework acknowledges that Black women face poorer reproductive health outcomes-and aims to do something about it. "The reproductive justice framework analyzes how the ability of any woman to determine her own reproductive destiny is linked directly to the conditions in her community-and these conditions are not just a matter of individual choice and access," Ross writes. "Reproductive justice addresses the social reality of inequality-specifically, the inequality of opportunities that we have to control our reproductive destiny."
There is a modern-day implicit bias in health care, says Davis Moss, that women as a whole can't be trusted to make their own decisions about their bodies. For example, Black women commonly report that health care providers are not offering them the full range of contraceptive options.
"The subjugation, the control, all that has happened ever since the country was born," says Davis Moss. "We've seen that happen over the years in our health care system, in segregated hospitals, all the way up to modern day in clinical care encounters."
Though Young's bilateral salpingectomy, which can cost thousands of dollars without insurance, was fully covered by Ohio Medicaid, cost remains a prohibitive factor for many people accessing reproductive health care in the United States.
Take contraception, for example. A 2022 KFF Women's Health Survey, which interviewed more than 5,000 female-born participants, looked at how cost influences contraceptive choice. Researchers found that a quarter of those surveyed with insurance had to pay at least part of their birth control costs out of pocket. "Any time you have to make a choice about day-to-day expenses and a copay... you know, living expenses, keeping food on the table... that is going to have an impact [on health]," says Davis Moss.
The survey also found that of those who were in their reproductive years, one in five women who were uninsured had to stop using a contraceptive method because they couldn't afford it. That data is supported by a Commonwealth Fund survey of women in several high-income nations, which found that women of reproductive age in the U.S. were the most likely to skip or delay necessary care due to cost.
Solutions for the Future
In 2023, In Our Own Voice and more than 50 other Black women's organizations published the Black Reproductive Policy Agenda, a playbook on how to improve reproductive justice for birthing people at the policy level.
The report makes more than a dozen policy recommendations that Davis Moss calls "proactive, comprehensive, and life-saving." Among them are making prescription birth control free, requiring states to provide maternity and newborn care for at least one year (the time frame in which most maternal deaths occur), and increasing access to doulas and midwives who advocate for patients.
Passing acts like the Equal Access to Abortion Coverage in Health Insurance Act would require the federal government to provide funding for abortion services. "That in and of itself directly impacts a large percentage of Black women of child-bearing age [who] are on Medicaid and Medicare," says Davis Moss.
For people struggling to pay for contraception, with or without health insurance, the cost of an in-person abortion-the median price is $600-is somewhat unthinkable. Medication abortion, however, can be cheaper and more accessible. Such is the promise of telehealth abortion, a virtual way to connect with a doctor, receive a prescription, and take abortion pills in a supportive environment.
Increasingly more women in the United States are finding themselves living in maternity care and reproductive health care deserts-areas where there is limited or nonexistent access to prenatal, postnatal, maternity, contraceptive, or abortion services. Telemedicine can provide a range of services for people living in these areas at a fraction of the cost-the median price of a telehealth medication abortion is $150.
"Telehealth does a lot to remove barriers to access to health care," says Dr. Ushma Upadhyay, a public health scientist at UC San Francisco who researches the impacts of telehealth abortion. "People who live in rural areas, young people, people who report facing food insecurity... in our research, they are the most likely to have said that telehealth enabled them to have an abortion."
But even with the advent of telehealth, both Upadhyay and Davis Moss say addressing racism is essential to establishing an equitable reproductive future. That's one of the reasons the Black Reproductive Policy Agenda recommends funding anti-Black racism programs as a part of its agenda.
"This is the reason those 12 Black women 30 years ago said 'You can't only focus on abortion,'" says Davis Moss. "It's impossible to have one without the other."
After getting a bilateral salpingectomy, Young feels relieved. Yet she still worries about what will happen with Medicaid and the Affordable Care Act-the resources she relies on to help her afford care for chronic health issues-under the Trump administration, and what that means for others seeking care.
"Thinking about if other women don't have access, that breaks my heart, and from the abortion side [...] it's too much to bear," she says, emotion tugging at her voice. "I feel relieved I got [the procedure] done when I did. I feel safe."
Jade Prévost-Manuel wrote this article for Yes! Media.
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