By Antoinette Grajeda for The Arkansas Advocate.
Broadcast version by Freda Ross for Arkansas News Service reporting for The Arkansas Advocate-Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation-Public News Service Collaboration.

A Pacific Islander and his family left the Marshall Islands more than a decade ago in search of better education, health care and job opportunities in the United States.

Similarly, a mother and her four youngest children moved to Arkansas from Mexico 25 years ago, joining two children and their father and hoping to improve her family’s circumstances.

Like thousands of people who come to the U.S. looking for a better life, these immigrants and their families often encountered challenges, including low-paying jobs, language barriers and navigating complex systems. And despite working one or multiple jobs, they, like many immigrants, found themselves struggling to make ends meet.

The Marshallese man and his family eventually landed in Northwest Arkansas — home to one of the largest concentrations of Marshallese in the continental U.S. — where he worked in the local poultry industry.

He added his wife and two children to his health insurance plan until he received a paycheck worth about $100 and realized he couldn’t afford it.

“I had to cancel and take everybody off, because I couldn’t afford to pay rent, bills and even provide food,” he said.

The Mexican mother said her focus has long been her children instead of herself, so to support them, she’s always worked multiple jobs — cleaning homes and offices and making food. She practically only arrived at her house to sleep, she said.

These Northwest Arkansas immigrants’ stories place them solidly in what’s known as the ALICE population, which stands for Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed. In other words, people who work hard, yet find their incomes and limited assets keep them struggling.

A 2024 ALICE report found rates of financial hardship differ by race and ethnicity in Arkansas, due to systemic racism, discrimination and geographic barriers. In 2022, 59% of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander households and 51% of Hispanic households, as well as half of the households led by biracial Arkansans were below the ALICE Threshold in the state, compared with 43% of White and 33% of Asian households.

ALICE advocates describe a financial survival threshold as the average income a household needs to afford the basics, defined as housing, child care, food, transportation, health care and a smartphone plan, plus taxes and a small contingency measured by county. The survival budget for a married couple with two school-aged children would be $72,120 in Benton County and $68,652 in Washington County, according to United for ALICE.

While the Marshallese father no longer works in the poultry industry, he advocates for Marshallese community members who do through his current employer. As the sole provider of his family — his pregnant wife recently left a job that didn’t offer paid maternity leave but will start another job soon — he said he is stressed about not being financially stable.

“For now we’re just trying to survive,” he said.

Housing challenges

Housing is particularly challenging for low-income Northwest Arkansas residents because prices have skyrocketed due to the region’s rapid growth. In Bentonville, for example, the median listing home price increased from $460,000 in July 2021 to nearly $600,000 in June 2024, according to Realtor.com.

The Marshallese immigrant rents a duplex in a smaller town but said it feels like they’re “just not making enough,” and he’s not alone in that. At 32%, the Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander population had Arkansas’ highest poverty rate reported in American Community Survey census data released in 2022.

A soft-spoken, small-statured man with big hopes for the future, he admitted things are “pretty difficult right now,” but he’s committed to supporting his loved ones.

“I will try whatever I can to provide for my family because I’ve been through so many moments where I got kicked out, my electricity went off and that’s when I hit rock bottom and I learned from that,” he said.

Employment challenges

A calm demeanor and positive outlook on life offer a sharp contrast to the many difficulties the native Mexican faced as an immigrant worker in the U.S.

The mother of nine initially juggled multiple jobs because she had so many mouths to feed. As her children got older, she kept working because her priority was for them to continue studying, not work. She herself only received one year of education in Mexico.

In addition to daily expenses, she also needed money for lawyer fees to obtain immigration documents for her family — an expensive 15-year process, she said. 

As she gets older, the 65-year-old is concerned she won’t be able to keep working two or three jobs, though her children have offered to help support her. 

Early in her career, she endured bosses who treated her poorly and stole her wages because she wanted to support her kids, she said. Eventually she decided she’d had enough and started working for herself. 

She said she felt helpless witnessing the abuse of other employees, including a woman who seemed stuck in a bad situation because she didn’t have immigration papers. Employees could complain to supervisors, but no one did anything because it was in their best interest to keep abusing workers, she said.

Through his work with poultry workers, the Pacific Islander said employees often don’t know who to speak to about issues with sexual harassment, unfair treatment, racism and wage theft. There’s also mistrust and a language barrier, the latter of which he said contributes to a lack of understanding about company policies and payroll deductions. 

“Just because you don’t have the language doesn’t mean you don’t have the rights,” he said.

The importance of frontline workers was highlighted during the pandemic, but companies’ treatment of employees “really showed these companies don’t care about individuals,” he said.

“People were risking their lives to go to work just for the goal of the company, and now we have lost so many of our community members [to COVID],” he said. 

Although Marshallese and Hispanic residents represented about 19% of Northwest Arkansas’ population in mid-2020, they accounted for about 64% of COVID-19 cases and 57% of associated deaths in the region, according to a U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report.

He said poultry workers need higher pay, but if companies are unwilling to raise wages, they could provide training to help employees advance to higher-paying jobs within the industry. 

In 2021, Tyson Foods increased starting wages from $12.50 to $15.20 per hour for Northwest Arkansas poultry processing workers, according to the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Tyson, George’s and Simmons Foods did not respond to requests for current starting pay figures. 

Arkansas’ minimum wage is $11 an hour. 

Health care

The Mexican mother’s dark brown eyes welled with tears as she recalled how sad and helpless she felt when one of her sons became so sick that he required dialysis three times a week, and the hospital expenses added up. 

“Gracias a Dios” — “Thank God” — he was placed on a waiting list and received a kidney transplant, she said. He’s alive today because “soy una mujer de fe”— “I’m a woman of faith.” 

Health care access can be challenging for immigrants because of cost, especially when, due to a lack of education about the system, patients access more expensive urgent or emergency care for a non-emergent illness or injury.

A 23-year-old Marshallese immigrant works at a Northwest Arkansas clinic where he helps other Marshallese community members access health care services, including breast cancer screenings. At the age of 18, he migrated from the Marshall Islands with grandparents to seek medical care for himself. 

“I don’t trust those doctors over there,” he said. 

The Marshallese community has a complicated history with health care and the United States, which conducted 67 nuclear weapons tests on and near the Marshall Islands from 1946 to 1958, devastating parts of the Pacific Island nation and sickening its people. More than half of all cancers on the Marshall Islands’ Rongelap Atoll might be attributed to nuclear fallout exposure, according to the National Cancer Institute.

The United States signed a Compact of Free Association (COFA) with the Marshall Islands that allows the U.S. to operate military bases in exchange for security guarantees and economic assistance. Under COFA, Marshallese migrants can live and work in the U.S. and were promised access to Medicaid. They lost that access when Congress omitted their unique immigration status in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996.

Congress restored access in 2020, and around 4,000 Pacific Islanders and Native Hawaiians in Northwest Arkansas got health coverage from 2020 to 2022, according to Axios NW Arkansas. About 12,000 Marshallese lived in Arkansas in 2020, according to the U.S. Census.

The young man said his clinic works to increase access to health care by meeting Marshallese migrants where they are. Many patients work for local poultry companies, he said, so the clinic schedules events for things like clinical breast exams after work. Additional patient challenges include language barriers, transportation and a lack of education on how insurance works, he said.

While Northwest Arkansas does have several amenities like health care facilities, it’s an expensive place to live, especially for people earning minimum wage or just a little more.

“With the economy that we’re living in now — a lot of people are moving here — it’s really expensive. Especially for those who are underserved communities, it’s really hard,” he said.

Brighter future

Education and finding a support system can help immigrants overcome the financial obstacles they face in the U.S. as they try to move upward economically.

At his job, the Marshallese father educates migrant workers about their rights and connects them with resources, but for himself, he’d like to have more financial literacy. For his children, he stresses the importance of education and said he’s proud of his bilingual students for advancing in school.

Likewise, the Mexican mother emphasized education to her children and is equally proud of their successes, such as graduating college and owning a cafe. 

While she has her own struggles, she said there are people with less. Over the years, she gave money to people in need, taught a friend to cook so she could earn money for family and cared for a dying woman who was alone in her final days. It’s satisfying helping others expecting nothing in return, she said. 

Besides relying on family and friends, immigrants can also find assistance through local nonprofits like Arkansas United, an immigrant advocacy group that helps connect newcomers to community resources. The native Mexican connected with the organization through its English classes. 

Soon she’ll be part of Arkansas United’s new support group for Northwest Arkansas moms that will provide a place for women to share the stories about their challenges with things like domestic violence and depression, and learn about resources from guest speakers, Navigator Coordinator Elizabeth Perez said. Meetings will also include fun activities so participants can set aside for a while what they’ve been through, she said. 

The Mexican mother will be a good example for other moms, Perez said, because of her resilience in finding ways to support her children and her compassion for helping others. 

“Su bonda es grandiosa” — “Her goodness is great,” and we need more people like her in the world, Perez said. 


Antoinette Grajeda wrote this article for The Arkansas Advocate.


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This holiday season, a nonprofit campaign is asking Americans to write holiday cards to welcome newly arrived refugee families.

The 10th annual "Hope for the Holidays" campaign is spearheaded by Global Refuge, a charity founded in 1939, previously named Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service.

Krish O'Mara Vignarajah, president and CEO of Global Refuge, explained the program's mission.

"It is an important reminder, during the holiday season -- as we recognize that Jesus was a refugee -- that America is a nation of immigrants," Vignarajah emphasized. "That for so many faiths, welcoming the stranger is a part of our religions. It's a way to show a token of support and hope."

Global Refuge resettles about 20,000 legal refugees immigrating to the U.S. each year, including 7,600 in California. The families are fleeing conflict in places like Ukraine and Afghanistan. Vignarajah noted they often spend years in camps and undergo extreme vetting before the federal government grants them asylum.

Despite the flood of anti-immigrant rhetoric during the presidential campaign, Vignarajah hopes the incoming Trump administration takes a cue from Ronald Reagan on refugee policy.

"President Reagan resettled 600,000 refugees during his presidency," Vignarajah pointed out. "And unfortunately, during the prior administration, the refugee program was cut significantly. Our hope is that we don't see that happen in the new year, because there are obviously families who are fleeing for their lives."

The card-writing effort is headquartered at Ascension Lutheran Church in Thousand Oaks, north of Los Angeles. Donations are used to buy toys, school supplies and basic necessities for newly arrived families.


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As President-elect Donald Trump doubles down on promises to round up and deport the nation's 11 million undocumented immigrants, the city of Castle Rock has pledged to make its law enforcement personnel available to assist federal agencies.

But that support could come with significant costs.

Jeremy Robbins - executive director of the American Immigration Council - pointed to new data showing that deporting people who work in critical industries such as construction, education, food production, and health care would reduce the nation's Gross Domestic Product by nearly 7% - which is on par with losses during the Great Recession.

"The costs of mass deportation would be tremendous," said Robbins, "not just because it's so expensive to deport people, but because it would wreak havoc on the economy."

The cost of deportations is expected to be well over $100 billion, and Trump's transition team has vowed to slash federal funding for local governments that refuse to cooperate.

Denver Mayor Mike Johnston has promised to protect undocumented residents, many of whom have been contributing members of their communities for decades.

Each year, immigrants add $54 billion to Colorado's economy.

Some critics have called Trump's recent vow to scrap restrictions on Immigration and Customs Enforcement arrests at churches, hospitals and schools an effort to instill widespread fear.

During a recent Ethnic Media Services briefing, Elizabeth Taufa - policy attorney with the Immigrant Legal Resource Center - said it's important to understand what mass deportations would look like at the community level.

"Kids that aren't going to school because their parents are afraid of being deported," said Taufa. "Shortages of health-care workers because people either move to places that are a little bit safer or they are removed from the country. It looks like fewer teachers, and we are already facing a teacher shortage."

A strong majority of voters across party lines don't want mass deportations, according to an October survey.

Instead, they want lawmakers to create a legal path to citizenship, a move the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimates would reduce the federal deficit by nearly $1 trillion.



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As word has spread about President-elect Donald Trump's mass deportation plans, advocates for immigrants in Oregon are working to educate people about their rights.

Oregon has the longest-standing sanctuary laws in the nation, which prevent local and state law enforcement from working with federal immigration authorities without a signed order from a judge.

Johanna Costa, a civil-rights coordinator at the Oregon Department of Justice, noted that while undocumented residents have greater protection in Oregon, these laws are not foolproof.

"Oregon sanctuary law does not stop deportations from occurring," she explained. "It does not stop federal prosecutions for crimes like unlawful re-entry."

While they don't block federal immigration authorities such as ICE from operating in the state, Costa said Oregon is the only state in the country that offers a hotline to report violations of the sanctuary laws. Oregon is also the only state tracking and making this data public.

Some 90,000 legal Oregon residents currently live with a family member who is undocumented. Costa recommends they learn their rights and make a plan with their family for what to do if immigration officials come to their home or stop them on the street.

"We're not naive to the possibility of what could happen," she said, "and we don't want to fear monger and tell folks, 'This is coming.' But we also want folks to be prepared."

Research shows undocumented immigrants are a boon to Oregon's economy, paying more than $350 million in state and local taxes this year.

Alonso Oliveros, a program associate at Oregon Project VOICE, educates immigrant communities about their rights and works with faith and other allied groups to organize against deportation.

"Immigrants have always been used as a political scapegoat," Oliveros said, "so we really need to be better prepared in terms of how to defend our community, how to advocate for them."

To report a suspected violation of sanctuary laws, receive support or be connected to resources, people can start by visiting the Oregon Department of Justice website.


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