Monarch butterflies could soon be added to the federal Endangered Species list, with a decision expected by year's end.

Eastern monarchs, which migrate through Virginia, experienced an 80% population decline between the 1980s and 2020.

Their western counterparts have seen an even steeper drop of 90%.

Environmental groups first petitioned to list the monarch as threatened in 2014, and the species was designated a candidate in 2020.

Rebeca Quiñonez-Piñón, monarch recovery strategist and climate resilient habitats director with the National Wildlife Federation, said monarch butterflies face numerous threats.

"Well, the main threats that we have identified for the monarch butterfly are habitat loss and fragmentation of the remaining habitats," said Quiñonez-Piñón. "Climate change is at the top of the list, definitely, and the excessive use of pesticides."

She described monarch butterflies as a "canary in the coal mine" for pollinators, and Virginia's ecosystem - a critical warning that more action is needed to protect the environment.

Several species of bumblebees, also facing the same threats as monarchs, and the Bethany Beach firefly are candidates for protection under the Endangered Species Act.

Virginia home gardeners can play a vital role in supporting monarch butterfly populations. by planting native milkweed and goldenrod - which are essential for the species.

Milkweed is the sole plant monarch caterpillars rely on for survival.

However, However, Mary Phillips - head of native plant habitat strategy and gardening programs with the federation - cautioned that some common mistakes can hinder efforts to help monarchs thrive.

"We've seen studies where caterpillars are drawn to newer, younger stocks of milkweed," said Phillips. "That will help you continue that caterpillar cultivation and don't worry if you see the various predators. There's also a milkweed bug that sometimes goes on these plants. People get nervous about that. It's OK, it's natural."

She noted that using garden or systemic pesticides can harm monarchs and should be avoided.

In Virginia, the Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services studied the Beekeeper Pollinator Protection Plan and voluntary best management practices, to improve communication between beekeepers and pesticide applicators.

The goal was to reduce risks to pollinators from neonicotinoid pesticides.

The study was completed in December 2021.

While it provided recommendations, its implementation highlights the ongoing need for greater awareness and action to protect pollinators such as bees and butterflies across the state.

After a devastating recent winter, the already-struggling mule deer population in Wyoming took a big hit and the state's wildlife agency is organizing to hear people's concerns.

According to the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, the state had an estimated 216,000 mule deer in 2023, a historic low and a 63% decrease from a high of 578,000 in 1991. It follows a pattern of decline across the West, due to extreme weather, habitat loss, disease and other factors.

Justin Binfet, deputy wildlife chief for the department, said some Wyoming herds were reduced by 80% due to the brutal winter ending in 2023.

"Everyone across the board is concerned over declining mule deer numbers," Binfet observed. "Whether that's landowners, outfitters, hunters, photographers, wildlife enthusiasts, conservationists, you name it."

The department will host nearly 40 community conversations across almost every game warden district in the state to hear Wyomingites' concerns about the iconic species.

Binfet pointed out the conversations are opportunities to get feedback outside regular surveys and a great way for constituents to meet their local wardens, managers and biologists. He noted the meetings are not leading to any scheduled changes in mule deer management but he expects common themes to emerge, which will be considered in future decision-making.

"The truth is we actually will hear the whole gamut of suggestions," Binfet acknowledged. "It'll just be one more piece of the puzzle to inform future management decisions."

Tomorrow ends the regular hunting season in many Wyoming hunt areas although most windows for mule deer closed earlier in the season.


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Monarch butterflies could be on the federal Endangered Species list by year's end.

Eastern monarchs found in New York and other northeastern states saw an 80% population decline between the 1980s and 2020. Their Western counterparts have seen a 90% population drop. Environmental groups petitioned for them to be listed as "threatened" back in 2014 and the monarch became a candidate species in 2020.

Rebeca Quiñonez-Piñón, monarch recovery strategist and climate resilient habitat director for the National Wildlife Federation, said monarch butterflies face many threats.

"The main threats that we have identified for the monarch butterfly are habitat loss and fragmentation of the remaining habitats," Quiñonez-Piñón outlined. "Climate change is at the top of the list, definitely, and the excessive use of pesticides."

She called monarch butterflies a "canary in the coal mine" for pollinators and the ecosystem, a warning more needs to be done to help the environment. A dozen species of bumblebees are also candidates under the Endangered Species Act. They also fall victim to the same threats of monarch butterflies.

Home gardeners can play a role in helping monarch butterfly populations, by planting milkweed and goldenrod, which are helpful to the species. Milkweed is the only plant on which monarch butterfly caterpillars can eat and survive.

Mary Phillips, head of native plant habitat strategy for the federation, said there are some mistakes people make in trying to help monarchs thrive.

"Don't worry if, you know, you see the various predators," Phillips advised. "There's also a milkweed bug that sometimes goes on these plants. People get nervous about that. It's OK, it's natural, it'll go away. It will not harm the milkweed overall."

She added another common mistake is spraying garden or systemic pesticides which can harm monarchs. Some states are taking action to end the use of certain pesticides harmful to bees, butterflies and other pollinators. New York passed a law banning some uses of neonicotinoids because of their harmful effects on pollinators and other species.

A federal court in Montana has held a hearing more than two years after a coalition of environmental advocates sued the U.S. Forest Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service over expanding cattle grazing in the Paradise Valley, part of the Custer Gallatin National Forest.

The coalition, which includes Alliance for the Wild Rockies and the Western Watersheds Project, sued the agencies for extending the cattle grazing season by a month on nearly 1,400 acres of forest land.

Mike Garrity, executive director of the Alliance for the Wild Rockies, said the plan will mean more interactions between young, unattended cattle and grizzly bears, which would not end well for either one.

"Putting calves out a month early when they're very small just provides a 'fast food snack' for a grizzly bear," Garrity pointed out. "A small calf makes an easy target for a grizzly bear. They can't defend themselves. They're not very big."

Garrity noted ranchers then complain about bear activity to the Fish and Wildlife Service, which traps and kills the grizzlies. The Forest Service said the new policy does not increase grazing because it is counted by plots of land rather than acreage.

Garrity pointed out groups are working to restore the grizzly bear, which is currently listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. He added the Forest Service is not doing its part to help achieve balance.

"There's about a thousand grizzly bears in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem," Garrity reported. "There's hundreds of thousand of cattle. We don't have a shortage of cattle in this country but grizzly bears are threatened with extinction."

The federal judge could overturn the new grazing rules or order a complete environmental review.