Conservation groups across New England are seeking permanent protections for the Cashes Ledge Area in the Gulf of Maine.

Often called the 'Yellowstone of the North Atlantic,' it contains rare ecological structures, a treasure trove of marine life and one of the deepest cold water kelp forests along the Eastern Seaboard.

Priscilla Brooks, vice president of ocean conservation for the Conservation Law Foundation, said giving the area sanctuary status would allow for needed scientific research in one of the fastest warming bodies of water on the planet.

"Protecting Cashes Ledge is one of the most comprehensive opportunities for biodiversity and climate stewardship in the Gulf of Maine," Brooks contended.

Hundreds of scientists and ocean advocacy groups have officially requested permanent protections from the Biden administration, the first step in what is expected to be a yearslong process.

Most commercial fishing, including bottom trawlers, is already restricted in the Cashes Ledge Area to help restore depleted groundfish populations, like cod and haddock. But conservation groups said regulatory uncertainty and a change in the White House could undo protections already in place.

Brooks pointed out the economic health of Maine's coastal communities relies on a healthy ocean ecosystem, adaptable to the growing stress of climate change.

"More diverse ecological communities and healthy communities can provide an insurance policy that ecosystem functionings will be maintained even if some species decline," Brooks noted.

Brooks emphasized multiple industries, including fishing, aquaculture and tourism have a stake in preserving Cashes Ledge. She added a newly designated sanctuary would also contribute to President Biden's goal of conserving 30% of America's lands and waters by 2030 to slow biodiversity loss and build climate resilience.

By Gabriella Sotelo for Sentient.
Broadcast version by Judith Ruiz-Branch for Illinois News Connection reporting for the Sentient-Public News Service Collaboration

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from agriculture are not only coming from soil. They’re also flowing through the streams that run alongside farms, a recent study finds. Researchers at the University of Minnesota and University of Illinois discovered more than one-third of regional nitrous oxide emissions were measured from streams.

While often overshadowed by the more widely known greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, nitrous oxide is the third-largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrous oxide also has an EPA-rated “Global Warming Potential” 273 times that of carbon dioxide (over a 100-year timescale), and is a significant contributor to ozone depletion. This means that even small amounts of nitrous oxide emissions can have a disproportionately large impact on global warming. And the flip side is also true: taking some action, including better manure management and eating less meat, can have a big climate impact for the better.

The discovery highlights a previously overlooked pathway for nitrous oxide to enter the atmosphere: as agricultural soils undergo the process of nitrification and produce nitrous oxide, the gas is transported via runoff into nearby streams. During the nitrification process, bacteria in soils break down ammonia — in this case from fertilizers — into nitrates that can produce nitrous oxide gas. While this gas may be released immediately from the soil, it can also become trapped in the soil or dissolve in water, only to be carried into streams during rainfall or snowmelt.

 “What we basically found is there [are] other pathways, and this stream emission could be important,” Zhongjie Yu, hydrologist and researcher in the study, tells Sentient.

Traditionally, when researchers consider nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, they focus on soil. Excess nitrogen from fertilizers accumulates in agricultural soil, where it can be transformed into nitrous oxide, and released directly into the atmosphere. However, this new study suggests that emissions from streams — carrying runoff from agricultural fields — can be just as important, if not more so, in certain regions. Factory farms can be a major driver of this issue, as these operations produce large amounts of waste, composed partly of nitrogen.

When researchers consider initial nitrous oxide emissions, it’s often in the context of fertilizer input to soil. This excess nitrogen accumulates in agricultural soil, and can then lead to the direct release of nitrous oxide into the atmosphere.

Though the study used only the University of Minnesota’s Tall Tower Trace Gas Observator to sample air emissions, Yu and his research team are confident about the data.

“We found that N₂O is emitted from streams, but we believe it’s originally from fertilizer nitrogen. It is just carried by water, and gets emitted from those aquatic systems. It’s not saying it’s a natural source, but it’s still related to fertilizer nitrogen. But it just provides another pathway that N₂O gets lost from some land to the atmosphere.”

Yu also emphasized that agriculture is the dominant source of human-caused nitrous oxide emissions. This study not only challenges the conventional understanding of agricultural emissions, but also underscores a broader issue: agricultural runoff is not just a water quality problem — it is also a major contributor to climate change.

Nitrous Oxide: the Lesser Known Climate Threat

Human activities are significant contributors to nitrous oxide emissions. While other natural sources, such as the ocean, also release nitrous oxide, agricultural practices — particularly fertilizer application — are by far the largest contributor of anthropogenic emissions.

This gas is primarily produced when nitrogen-based fertilizers and manure are applied to agricultural soils. Microbes in the soil convert this nitrogen into nitrous oxide through processes such as nitrification and denitrification. The situation is made worse by the practices of industrial farming, which rely heavily on the use of synthetic fertilizers and animal waste.

Around 12 million tons of nitrogen are applied to crops each year in the United States. An EPA report found that agricultural soil management — like fertilizer use and other practices that boost nitrogen levels in the soil — accounts for nearly 75 percent of the United States’ nitrous oxide emissions. Within the agricultural sector itself, it makes up almost half of all emissions.

These soil management practices are primarily intended to optimize crop production, but much of the land is used for growing farm animal feed and biofuel crops. In 2020, only a small fraction of corn grown in the U.S. — less than two percent — was used for direct human food. Around 31 percent was dedicated to biofuels such as ethanol, while the majority, around 35 percent, went toward feeding livestock. With global meat consumption steadily rising, the demand for animal feed is expected to increase, further driving the need for feed crops like corn — along with higher fertilizer use and a corresponding rise in nitrous oxide emissions.

And now, the source of these emissions isn’t just the soil. Stream emissions can contribute to a much larger portion of annual nitrous oxide emissions than researchers previously thought.

“The high contribution of stream emissions suggests that soil emissions may have been overestimated in current regional nitrous oxide budgets,” Yu writes.

Yu points out that the link between agricultural runoff and stream emissions has often been overlooked in past research. Traditional methods use soil chambers to measure nitrous oxide emissions, a method that places a closed chamber over the soil, in order to capture any gases emitted from it. This approach primarily measures how much nitrous oxide is released directly from the soil, but misses the nitrogen that leaches out of the soil and flows into water systems, where it can then be converted into nitrous oxide and emitted to streams.

The Bottom Line

The source of nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture is more complex than scientists once thought. While traditional efforts to reduce nitrous oxide emissions have focused mainly on fertilizer management and improving soil efficiency, this new discovery emphasizes the importance of looking at the entire agricultural system, including runoff into streams. If the number of factory farms continue to rise, there is likely to be a rise in nitrous oxide pollution, particularly in streams, due to greater fertilizer use and runoff.

Yu mentions that improving water and nutrient management not only benefits water quality, but can also be a crucial tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilizer and manure runoff, especially from factory farms, can carry large quantities of nitrogen into waterways, which may then be converted into nitrous oxide — further complicating efforts to mitigate emissions from agriculture.

“We need to be a little bit careful here, because that water gets leached from surface soil and can end up in streams and rivers, carrying a lot of that greenhouse gas to those systems and having an impact there,” Yu says.


Gabriella Sotelo wrote this article for Sentient.


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Extreme weather has hit Texas over the last few weeks bringing snow to many parts of the state.

During cold weather, landlords are required to ensure renters have adequate heat. Chapter 27 of the City of Dallas code establishes minimum property standards for all residential buildings, structures and premises.

Ella Caudill, attorney for the Dallas Eviction Advocacy Center, said property owners have 24 to 48 hours to correct life-threatening conditions, including heating and cooling problems.

"If they're having heating issues and their landlord is refusing to fix their heater their only option is to go through and file a repair and remedy case," Caudill pointed out. "In order to file one of those they do have to be current on rent."

She added tenants can also fix the problems themselves and hope to get reimbursed by their landlord.

Cities nationwide are looking for ways to address the problems of extreme weather conditions brought on by climate change. Many are requiring landlords to install heat pumps in their buildings.

Vince Romanin, founder and CEO of the heating and cooling company Gradient, noted while it is not mandatory in Texas, the technology is more efficient and easier on the environment.

"A heat pump delivers three to five times as much heat to the room as the energy it spends," Romanin explained. "If you have an electric heater, you spend one unit of electricity and you put one unit of heat into the room. If you have an electric heat pump you can put three to five times as much heat into the room."

He added they are working to integrate the heat pumps with backup generators and battery storage systems in case the Texas power grid fails like it did in 2021.

This story is based on original reporting by Maria Ramos Pacheco for The Dallas Morning News (paywall).


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Faith-based climate activists with the nonprofit GreenFaith are organizing a series of vigils tied to the inauguration of President-elect Donald Trump, hoping to influence the new administration.

Hundreds gathered at vigils this past week in San Diego, San Francisco and cities around the country - and more are planned in Los Angeles and Riverside.

William Morris is a faith organizer with GreenFaith - and urged people to speak out in favor of policies that protect our water, air, soil, and wildlife.

"People of faith are guided by our morals, our conscience, our values," said Morris, "and that we have this obligation and responsibility to speak up about caring for the earth and policies that help protect it."

Find out more about the vigils at greenfaith.org.

The group is circulating a petition asking that the U.S. stay in the Paris Climate Accords, oppose new fossil-fuel projects and deforestation, and promote clean energy.

On the campaign trail, Trump promised to ramp up oil and gas drilling and roll back many of President Joe Biden's climate policies.

He also reportedly pressed oil-company executives to contribute a billion dollars to his campaign.

Morris encouraged people to organize their own public-facing protests going forward.

"It could be on street corners," said Morris. "It could be in community spaces, in front of city halls, or could be in houses of worship. We want people of faith around the country to be able to say that this doesn't line up with our values."

Morris added that, based on the actions of the first Trump administration, GreenFaith is concerned about increased mining, grazing and timber harvesting on public lands.

The group vows to fight any attempt to deregulate toxic chemicals or reduce protections for endangered species.