As college anti-war protests enter a second school year, students are maintaining pressure on administrators to cut all financial ties with the Israeli government.
Students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are calling for a permanent ceasefire in Gaza and an end to all weapons research funded by Israeli defense contractor, Elbit.
Recent MIT graduate Andrew Feldman, who is Jewish and is a member of MIT Jews for Collective Liberation, said it's important for people of conscience to speak out against the war.
"We're going to keep working," said Feldman, "and we hope that institutions will start to recognize this terrible genocide, and war crimes that Israel is committing on the Palestinians."
Feldman said MIT should also end partnerships with Maersk, a shipping and logistics company critical to the Israeli war effort.
MIT students celebrated the recent closure of an industry-backed fund for weapons research as a win, but MIT officials maintain the fund was already due to expire.
Some have criticized the campus pro-Palestinian protests as anti-Semitic, and said Israel has the right to defend itself as it sees fit.
The White House has expressed frustration that the right-wing Israeli government and the leadership of Hamas have refused to reach a ceasefire. But protest groups argue U.S. arms are enabling the war.
Continued student protests at Brown University in neighboring Rhode Island convinced administrators to bring a divestment proposal to a vote at Brown Corporation Board's meeting next month.
Students aim to cut school ties with at least ten companies providing Israel with weapons and surveillance systems.
Mica Maltzman is a senior and member of the campus group, BrownU Jews for Ceasefire Now. She said students are busy compiling testimony and preparing to make their case.
"It's both an urgent issue and it feels like a morally pertinent issue on our campus right now," said Maltzman, "letting the corporation know that this isn't just like some group of radical students pushing for divestment, but like a large majority."
Maltzman said Brown has a long history of student protest, including a student-led divestment campaign against the former apartheid government in South Africa - but that administrators have been less supportive of dissent against Israel.
She said knowing thousands of students in Gaza can no longer attend college there, it's hard not to wake up and think about it everyday.
Israel began its war against Hamas after the militant group attacked Israel on October 7, 2023, killing about 1,200 Israelis while another 250 people were taken hostage.
Since then, more than 40,000 Palestinians, have been killed by the Israeli military, according to health authorities.
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California supporters of the Palestinian cause say they are cautiously optimistic - now that the ceasefire in Gaza has taken hold and the hostage releases have begun.
More aid trucks are arriving in Gaza and families are starting to make their way back to survey the almost-total destruction.
Professor Ahlam Muhtaseb with Cal State San Bernardino said about 47,000 Palestinians have been killed by Israeli bombardment - but notes the journal Lancet estimates the total death toll on the Palestinian side to be between 110,000 and 300,000 people.
"There are 10,400 Palestinian hostages," said Muhtaseb. "The narrative should be balanced where we care about the humanity of Palestinians, and the genocide they went through for over 15 months."
About 1,200 Israelis died and about 250 were kidnapped on October 7, 2023.
Supporters of the Palestinian people rallied in San Diego's Balboa Park on Saturday - and in Long Beach, Los Angeles, and San Francisco on Sunday, calling for a lasting peace so Gaza can start to rebuild.
Summer Ismail is a community organizer with the Council on American Islamic Relations in San Diego.
She said she's disappointed that the agreement took so long, since the basic framework has been around since last spring.
And she condemned the fact that Israeli airstrikes killed dozens more people after the deal was announced.
"I would like the United States to stop sending our tax dollars to Israel," said Ismail. "And I'd also like to see the international community continue pursuing their charges against Benjamin Netanyahu and find Israel guilty of genocide."
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has claimed that President Donald Trump assured him of full U.S. support to resume hostilities, quote, "if Israel reaches the conclusion that the second stage of negotiations are ineffectual."
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Leaders of California's Jewish and Muslim communities say they're relieved that Israel and Hamas have taken the first steps toward ending their brutal war in Gaza. In the first phase of the agreement, Hamas has agreed to release an initial batch of 33 hostages and Israel will release hundreds of Palestinian detainees and implement a ceasefire.
Joy Sisisky, president and CEO of the Jewish Community Federation and Endowment Fund of the Bay Area, said she remains concerned about the 65 hostages who will still remain captive after this first six-week phase of the agreement.
"Even the return of all of the hostages is not the end, because they've been held in captivity, many of them for 467 days, and that there is a long road to recovery for not just the hostages but for their families, for their friends, and for many of us here too, who consider them like friends and family," she contended.
Many Californians have personal connections to the conflict, on both sides. The war started when Hamas militants crossed into Israel on Oct. 7, 2023, killed about 1,200 people and kidnapped 250 more. Israel's subsequent invasion of Gaza has killed approximately 46,000 Palestinians.
Teams from the Biden administration and the Trump camp worked together to press both sides to agree to a deal.
Zahra Billoo, executive director of the Council on American Islamic Relations San Francisco, said the ceasefire announcement is bittersweet because it is so long overdue.
"Right now, the international community needs to prioritize accountability, upholding human rights and providing urgently needed relief to the people in Gaza and the West Bank who have suffered incomprehensibly for more than a year now," Billoo said.
The second phase of the deal would see Israel withdraw from Gaza, as Hamas releases all remaining hostages. The third phase would address reconstruction.
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A former White House cybersecurity expert is warning of potential cyberattacks on critical infrastructure. And in Illinois, security analysts are heeding his message on the dangers.
Illinois saw at least 10 major cybersecurity attacks last year.
As former acting principal deputy national cyber director, Jake Braun, executive director at the Harris School of Public Policy's Cyber Policy Initiative at the University of Chicago, said that during his time in the Biden White House, he dealt with escalating cyber threats from China and other nation-states - often targeting utilities.
"They are very deliberately targeting specific water utilities, specific energy operators and so on - that are civilian but support military installations," he said, "so that if we go to war, they've kind of seeded the battlefield, so to speak, with malware."
Of the approximately 50,000 water utilities throughout the United States, Braun said only a few hundred support military operations - and many of the rest are unprotected. Braun noted that he is working with the National Rural Water Association to recruit cybersecurity volunteers to help support local water utilities.
Cybercriminals generally hack utilities for one reason: money. Braun said ransom demands in exchange for the thieves releasing their hold on systems is rising. These schemes start primarily in Russia and other Eastern European countries, but nations such as China are also willing to infiltrate and weaken critical infrastructure.
Braun pointed to the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law to fund improvements to these systems.
"And many water utilities aren't even requesting the funds," he said. "So the funds are there, they're available, and water utilities often don't even know they can request the funds for that. And that is true for many other critical infrastructure."
Braun said some water utilities are in such rural areas that they struggle to find cybersecurity experts. He lauded volunteer programs such as the University of Chicago's Project Franklin to fill the gap.
Among the targets of cybersecurity attacks in Illinois last year were the Secretary of State's office, two colleges and a hospital.
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